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| 9562310 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | showing no mitogenic response with other recombinant human cytokines (IL-1 IL-1 IL-1_amp_#x3b2 IL-2 TNF and abrogating the IL-6 effect by anti-IL-6 | |  |
| 10525172 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.0 | Microglial cells can be activated by pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1 IL-6 and TNF_amp_#x3b1 as well as by _amp_#x3b2 -amyloid peptide | | |
| 12124437 | IL1B | IL1beta | 0.3 | of macrophage-typical cytokines (monokines) monokines including interleukin (IL)1alpha, IL 1alpha IL1beta and IL1RA at 80 days increasing by 120 days | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | under pathological conditions (Wang Wang et al. 1998 beta (IL-1 IL-1 beta maturation and resistant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced LPS -induced septic | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Furthermore because caspase-11 plays a key role in regulating IL-1 beta maturation in LPS-stimulated mice (Wang Wang et al. 1998 | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | G37R SOD1 mice are not altered in the background of IL-1 beta- -mice (Nguyen Nguyen et al. 2001 | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | in the absence of caspase-11 Because the complete elimination of IL-1 beta in IL-1 beta- -mice did not alter the disease | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | of caspase-11 Because the complete elimination of IL-1 beta in IL-1 beta- -mice did not alter the disease course of SOD1 | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | C Reduction of IL-1 beta level in the absence of caspase-11 in the caspase-11-/-; | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | at indicated days of age and the level of mature IL-1 beta was measured by ELISA ( n = 4 mean_amp_#177 | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | The secretion and maturation of IL-1 beta is another downstream indicator of caspase-11-caspase-1 pathway (Kuida Kuida | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | The increase in IL-1 beta levels was first detected at approximately day 90 and | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | The levels of IL-1 beta in the spinal cords of caspase-11 -/-; - - | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | indicates that caspase-11 also plays a key role in regulating IL-1 beta levels in the G93A mice | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | the activities of its downstream caspases-1 and -3 and also IL-1 beta levels during the pathogenesis of this model of FALS | | |
| 12843244 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | suggests that despite the significant reduction of caspase activation and IL-1 beta levels in caspase-11 -/-; - - G93A mice the | | |
| 14511332 | IL1BETA | IL-1beta | 1.5 | Levels of IL-1beta IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha were found to be elevated | | |
| 14511332 | IL1BETA | IL-1beta | 1.5 | also contribute to high expression of COX-2 in sALS particularly IL-1beta and IL-6 | | |
| 14511332 | IL1BETA | IL-1beta | 1.5 | Interestingly inhibition of IL-1beta also attenuates the loss of motor neurons in mSOD1 mice | | |
| 14511332 | IL1BETA | IL-1beta | 1.5 | IL-1beta and IL-6 are assumed to derive from glia | | |
| 14511332 | IL1BETA | IL-1beta | 1.5 | This might be explained by the capability of IL-1beta to induce COX-2 in astrocytes but not in microglia cells | | |
| 14511332 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.5 | the expression of COX-2 in CRC parallels the expression of IL-1 beta and IL-6 in CRC ( Maihofner et al . | | |
| 15210305 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | receptor complex which binds to the pro-inflammatory protein interleukin-1 (IL-1) IL-1 14 | | |
| 15210305 | IL1B | IL1beta | 1.3 | demonstrates the over-expression of a subset of cytokines including IL1alpha IL1beta and IL1RA at 80 days undergoing a significant increase by | | |
| 15453089 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.0 | of the prominent microglial activation classical pro-inflammatory mediators such as IL-1 IL-6 TNF- alpha and IFN- gamma were not detected in | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Both compounds also reduced interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL -12p40 IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta and increased IL-RA and TGF-beta1 mRNA | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | compounds also reduced interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL -12p40 IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta and increased IL-RA and TGF-beta1 mRNA | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | age and the signal was unchanged in the absence of IL-1 beta (Nguyen Nguyen et al. 2001 alpha expression at 11 | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Both compounds also inhibited IL-12p40 IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Both compounds also inhibited IL-12p40 IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | was more potent in inhibiting other cytokines such as IL-12p40 IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | in inhibiting other cytokines such as IL-12p40 IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | RNA was used against a RPA multiprobe of cytokines a IL-1 alpha RNA was elevated in vehicle-treated G93A mice compared with | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | lenalidomide-treated G93A mice while unchanged in thalidomide-treated G93A mice b IL-1 beta RNA was elevated in vehicle-treated G93A mice compared with | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Lenalidomide also downregulated IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta | | |
| 16510725 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Lenalidomide also downregulated IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta | | |
| 16624536 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | In response to secondary stimuli such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1 IL-6 and TNF- microglia exert maximal activity through secretion of | | |
| 16624536 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | neuron interactions include a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., e.g. IL-1 IL-6 and TNF- 77 78 and 79 and neurotrophic factors | | |
| 16624536 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | IL-1 and TNF-have similar biological properties in that at higher concentrations | | |
| 16624536 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | IL-1 mediates a general inflammatory response that recruits the further secretion | | |
| 16624536 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | The use of a recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (r-Hu-met r-Hu-met Il-1ra significantly reduces the volume of | | |
| 16624536 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | When IL-1 is added to mixed astrocytic/neuronal astrocytic neuronal cultures a 5- | | |
| 16624536 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | present antigen to Th1 cells which can in turn produce IL-1 IFN-_amp_#x3b3 TNF-_amp_#x3b2 and further activate macrophages | | |
| 17018025 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | MIP-1A and RANTES in glial cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide or IL-1 ( Ledeboer et al 2000 Ehrlich et al 1998 | | |
| 17555556 | IL-1B | IL-1B | 0.3 | such as nitric oxide superoxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-A IL-1B and IL-6 | | |
| 17582695 | IL1BETA | IL-1beta | 0.0 | IL-1beta and hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) HIF-1 play important roles in | | |
| 17582695 | IL1BETA | IL-1beta | 0.1 | cytokines in neurodegenerative disorders such as ALS and PD e.g. IL-1beta and IL-6 32 | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | The proinflammatory cytokines of which interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1 IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-_amp_#x3b1 (TNF-_amp_#x3b1;) TNF-_amp_#x3b1 are involved in | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | In the case of IL-1 there is an endogenous competitive antagonist of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | case of IL-1 there is an endogenous competitive antagonist of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated IL-1R -mediated activity IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-1ra | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | endogenous competitive antagonist of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated IL-1R -mediated activity IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-1ra that binds to the receptor without | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | IL-1RII acts as a so called decoy receptor by binding IL-1 and preventing the binding to the signalling type I receptor | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | two endogenous inhibitors sIL-1RII and IL-1ra underlines the potency of IL-1 both with regard to the binding affinity and the fact | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Cytokines such as IL-1 also activate the hypothalamo_amp_#x2013 pituitary_amp_#x2013 adrenal (HPA)-axis HPA -axis (see | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | The occurrence of both IL-1 isoforms IL-1_amp_#x3b1 and IL-1_amp_#x3b2 in the adrenal gland constitutively as | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | provides another source of agonists as well as antagonists for IL-1 receptors in a situation when the immune system is activated | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Interestingly IL-1 has been shown to exert modulatory effects on learning and | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | on the habituation in the open field 9 suggesting that IL-1 may be an important modulator of hippocampus-dependent learning | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Cytokines such as IL-1 and other inflammatory molecules may be causative or protective or | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | The endogenous antagonist of IL-1 receptors IL-1ra is a useful tool to study the role | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | it is dependent on the degree of central blockade of IL-1 transmission 12 | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | This conclusion is supported by the fact that IL-1 promotes astroglial proliferation during embryogenesis and that it has immunomodulatory | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | It has been suggested that IL-1 released from amoeboid microglia during development is involved in regulating | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Interestingly IL-1 has been shown to stimulate the differentiation of mesencephalic progenitor | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | these cytokines were essentially unaffected by the chronic blocking of IL-1 receptors in the brain | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Furthermore a modulatory role of IL-1 signalling in the brain on the production of amyloid precursor | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | Experimental studies have shown the reciprocal interactions between cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 and APP/_amp_#x3b2;-amyloid APP _amp_#x3b2 -amyloid (A_amp_#x3b2;) A_amp_#x3b2 peptide | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | an attempt of the brain to modulate effects of increased IL-1 levels | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | hybridisation histochemistry demonstrated that in addition to the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 the excitotoxic injury is accompanied by an induction of a | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | of the secreted form sIL-1ra 42 thus available for blocking IL-1 binding to the signalling IL-1RI | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | have inhibitory effects on immune responses and the synthesis of IL-1 1 have been shown to block KA-induced IL-1_amp_#x3b2 mRNA expression | | |
| 17597167 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | _amp_#x3b1 -MSH has been shown to reduce the levels of IL-1 and other pyrogenic proinflammatory cytokines (see see 55 | | |
| 18040778 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.8 | that following infection there is a lasting inhibition of both IL-1 and IL-10 production (Curto Curto et al. 2004 | | |
| 18040778 | IL-1B | IL-1B | 1.8 | robust amounts of several cytokines/chemokines, cytokines chemokines including TNF-A IL-6 IL-1B CCL2 CCL5 and CXCL10 | | |
| 18414597 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.0 | Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha TNF-alpha and IL-1 secretory phospholipase A(2) A 2 IIA and lipoprotein-PLA(2) lipoprotein-PLA 2 | | |
| 18414597 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.0 | TNF-alpha and IL-1 alter lipid metabolism and stimulate production of eicosanoids ceramide and | | |
| 18464925 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | above described TZDs the natural ligand 15d-PGJ 2 prevented the IL-1 _amp_#x003b2 -induced COX-2 mRNA accumulation in human astrocytes through a | | |
| 18464925 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | recent study 15d-PGJ 2 and ciglitazone suppress the production of IL-1 _amp_#x003b2 and NO in Staphylococcus aureus-stimulated astrocytes 68 | | |
| 18464925 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | then demonstrated that 15d-PGJ 2 decreases the production of TNF-_amp_#x003b1 IL-1 _amp_#x003b2 and the expression of COX-2 in the same cell | | |
| 18464925 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.3 | of TNF-_amp_#x003b1 and NO production and a protracted inhibition of IL-1 _amp_#x003b2 and PGE 2 synthesis suggesting a dynamic regulation of | | |
| 18751914 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.0 | Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-_amp_#945; TNF-_amp_#945 and IL-1 secretory phospholipase A 2 IIA and lipoprotein-PLA 2 are implicated | | |
| 18751914 | IL-1 | IL-1 | 1.0 | TNF-_amp_#945 and IL-1 alter lipid metabolism and stimulate production of eicosanoids ceramide and | | |
| 9562310 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | specificity of the assay was confirmed by showing no mitogenic response with other recombinant human cytokines il 1 il 1_amp_#x3b2; il 2 tnf and abrogating the il 6 effect by anti il 6 polyclonal antibody genzyme boston ma . | | |
| 10525172 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | microglial cells can be activated by pro inflammatory cytokines il 1 il 6 and tnf_amp_#x3b1; as well as by _amp_#x3b2; amyloid peptide _amp_#x3b2; a [ 82 90 ] the first 42 amino acids of amyloid precursor protein app fig 6 . | | |
| 12843244 | interleukin 1, beta | interleukin 1 beta | 1.0 | the caspase 1 and caspase 3 like activities as well as the level of interleukin 1 beta were significantly reduced in the spinal cord of symptomatic caspase 11 / ;sod1 g93a mice compared with that of caspase 11 +/ ; sod1 g93a mice. | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | esis of als strongly suggested the involvement of caspase 11 in this process because caspase 11 is a key upstream regulator of both caspase 1 and 3 under pathological conditions wang et al. 1998 beta il 1 beta maturation and resistant to lipopolysaccharide lps induced septic shock wang et al. 1998 . | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | furthermore because caspase 11 plays a key role in regulating il 1 beta maturation in lps stimulated mice wang et al. 1998 beta is not a key determinant in mediating neurodegeneration or the inflammatory response in this model. | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | this is consistent with the report demonstrating that the neural degeneration and accelerated death of g37r sod1 mice are not altered in the background of il 1 beta / mice nguyen et al. 2001 . | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the spinal cord of g93a mice was not affected by the caspase 11 deficiency indicating that the overall inflammatory response proceeded in the absence of caspase 11 because the complete elimination of il 1 beta in il 1 beta / mice did not alter the disease course of sod1 g37r mice nguyen et al. 2001 the most likely interpretation is that g93a induces inflammatory responses through multiple or redundant | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | beta in il 1 beta / mice did not alter the disease course of sod1 g37r mice nguyen et al. 2001 the most likely interpretation is that g93a induces inflammatory responses through multiple or redundant pathways. | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | c reduction of il 1 beta level in the absence of caspase 11 in the caspase 11 / ; g93a spinal cords. | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | spinal cords from caspase 11; g93a mice were taken at indicated days of age and the level of mature il 1 beta was measured by elisa n = 4; mean_amp_#177;sd . | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the secretion and maturation of il 1 beta is another downstream indicator of caspase 11 caspase 1 pathway kuida et al. 1995 beta in wild type control caspase 11 +/ ; g93a and caspase 11 / ; g93a mice by elisa fig 1 c . | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the increase in il 1 beta levels was first detected at approximately day 90 and remained at higher levels at later time points. | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the levels of il 1 beta in the spinal cords of caspase 11 / ; g93a mice were consistently lower than that of caspase 11 +/ ; g93a mice. | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | this result indicates that caspase 11 also plays a key role in regulating il 1 beta levels in the g93a mice. | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | together these results suggest that caspase 11 is activated and regulates the activities of its downstream caspases 1 and 3 and also il 1 beta levels during the pathogenesis of this model of fals. | | |
| 12843244 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | this result suggests that despite the significant reduction of caspase activation and il 1 beta levels in caspase 11 / ; g93a mice the inflammatory response induced by mutant sod1 was not significantly altered. | | |
| 14511332 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | recently one of us was able to show that the expression of cox 2 in crc parallels the expression of il 1 beta and il 6 in crc maihofner et al . 2003 . | | |
| 15210305 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | ceptor accessory protein il 1racp mrna markedly over expressed in als spinal cord is a trans membrane protein belonging to a receptor complex which binds to the pro inflammatory protein interleukin 1 il 1 [ 14 ]. | | |
| 15453089 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | in spite of the prominent microglial activation classical pro inflammatory mediators such as il 1 il 6 tnf [alpha] and ifn [gamma] were not detected in significant amount in a murine model of prion disease in which c57bl/6j mice are infected with scrapie the prion form affecting sheep. | | |
| 16510725 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | both compounds also reduced interleukin il 12p40 il 1 alpha and il 1 beta and increased il ra and tgf beta1 mrna. | | |
| 16510725 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | ther at 120 d in high expressing g93a mice hensley et al. 2002 alpha was increased in the lumbar spinal cord of g37r sod1 mice at 7 and 10 months of age and the signal was unchanged in the absence of il 1 beta nguyen et al. 2001 alpha expression at 11 weeks of age 5.3 fold in g93a sod1 mice which increased further at 14 and 17 weeks 8 fold yoshihara et al. 2002 . | | |
| 16510725 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | both compounds also inhibited il 12p40 il 1 alpha and il 1 beta. | | |
| 16510725 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | lenalidomide inhibited tnf alpha with less potency compared with thalidomide; in contrast lenalidomide was more potent in inhibiting other cytokines such as il 12p40 il 1 alpha and il 1 beta. | | |
| 16510725 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | spinal cord total rna was used against a rpa multiprobe of cytokines. a il 1 alpha rna was elevated in vehicle treated g93a mice compared with wild type n1020 controls and significantly reduced in lenalidomide treated g93a mice while unchanged in thalidomide treated g93a mice | | |
| 16510725 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | ha rna was elevated in vehicle treated g93a mice compared with wild type n1020 controls and significantly reduced in lenalidomide treated g93a mice while unchanged in thalidomide treated g93a mice. b il 1 beta rna was elevated in vehicle treated g93a mice compared with wild type n1020 controls and significantly reduced by lenalidomide but not thalidomide treatment. c il 12p40 rna was elevated in vehic | | |
| 16510725 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | lenalidomide also downregulated il 1 alpha and il 1 beta. | | |
| 16624536 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | in response to secondary stimuli such as interleukin 1 il 1 il 6 and tnf microglia exert maximal activity through secretion of inflammatory mediators fig 1 . | | |
| 16624536 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | potential candidates for mediating microglia/motor neuron interactions include a number of pro inflammatory cytokines e.g. il 1 il 6 and tnf [77] [78] and [79] and neurotrophic factors e.g. plasminogen tgf _amp_#x3b2; bfgf bdnf ngf nt 3 and nt 4 [80] [81] and [82] . | | |
| 16624536 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | il 1 and tnf have similar biological properties in that at higher concentrations both mimic the cytotoxic effects of lps [83] . | | |
| 16624536 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | il 1 mediates a general inflammatory response that recruits the further secretion of pro inflammatory cytokines e.g. il 6 il 8 colony stimulating factors csfs ifn /_amp_#x3b2; and can also have a trophic | | |
| 16624536 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the use of a recombinant il 1 receptor antagonist r hu met il 1ra significantly reduces the volume of damage following brain injury [84] . | | |
| 16624536 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | when il 1 is added to mixed astrocytic/neuronal cultures a 5 to 7 fold increase in astrocytes is observed [86] . | | |
| 16624536 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | these cells present antigen to th1 cells which can in turn produce il 1 ifn _amp_#x3b3; tnf _amp_#x3b2; and further activate macrophages. | | |
| 17008387 | interleukin 1, beta | interleukin 1 beta | 1.0 | r use in the treatment of aids reisinger et al. 1990 kappa b nf kappab that regulates the expression of several proinflammatory genes and some genes related to apoptosis schreck et al. 1992 alpha and interleukin 1 beta nurmi et al. 2004a beta signaling nurmi et al. 2006 . | | |
| 17008387 | interleukin 1, beta | interleukin 1 beta | 1.0 | ranscription factor nf kappab serving as a strong antioxidant or by activating akt gsk3 beta pathway cuzzocrea et al. 2002 kappab driven genes such as cyclooxygenase 2 tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta drachman et al. 2002 beta pathway reduced mutant sod1 mediated motor neuron cell death in vitro koh et al. 2005 we found that pdtc treatment does not provide protection but instead significantly decr | | |
| 17018025 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | 4 has also been shown to reduce the production of pro inflammatory cytokines such as il 6 il 8 tumor necrosis factor alpha tnf a mip 1a and rantes in glial cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide or il 1 ledeboer et al 2000 ; ehrlich et al 1998 . | | |
| 17555556 | il 1b | il 1b | 1.0 | microglial activation can be associated with increased production of potentially cytotoxic substances such as nitric oxide superoxide and pro inflammatory cytokines including tnf a il 1b and il 6. | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the proinflammatory cytokines of which interleukin 1 il 1 il 6 and tumour necrosis factor _amp_#x3b1; tnf _amp_#x3b1; are involved in the initial immune response help to drive the elimination of pathogens and resolution of the inflammatory process. | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | in the case of il 1 there is an endogenous competitive antagonist of il 1 receptor il 1r mediated activity il 1 receptor antagonist il 1ra that binds to the receptor without the association of the il 1r accessory protein il 1racp and hence without an ensuing biological activity see [1] . | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | in addition the soluble il 1r type ii il 1rii acts as a so called decoy receptor by binding il 1 and preventing the binding to the signalling type i receptor il 1ri see [1] . | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the existence of two endogenous inhibitors sil 1rii and il 1ra underlines the potency of il 1 both with regard to the binding affinity and the fact that this cytokine acts on many different cells and tissues see [1] . | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | cytokines such as il 1 also activate the hypothalamo_amp_#x2013;pituitary_amp_#x2013;adrenal hpa axis see [3] resulting in the release of corticotrophin releasing factor crf adrenocorticotrophic hormone acth and corticoste | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the occurrence of both il 1 isoforms il 1_amp_#x3b1; and il 1_amp_#x3b2; in the adrenal gland constitutively as well as inducible by lipopolysaccharides lps [4] provides another source of agonists as well as antagonists for il | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | isoforms il 1_amp_#x3b1; and il 1_amp_#x3b2; in the adrenal gland constitutively as well as inducible by lipopolysaccharides lps [4] provides another source of agonists as well as antagonists for il 1 receptors in a situation when the immune system is activated. | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | interestingly il 1 has been shown to exert modulatory effects on learning and memory however with negative effects such as impairment of spatial navigation learning in the morris water maze in rodents [6] but also posi | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | ain directed overexpression of hsil 1ra [8] it was found that blocking il 1r mediated signalling in the brain resulted in an inhibitory effect on the habituation in the open field [9] suggesting that il 1 may be an important modulator of hippocampus dependent learning. | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | cytokines such as il 1 and other inflammatory molecules may be causative or protective or merely bystanders or all of these alternatives depending on the circumstances including the length of exposure levels age of the ind | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the endogenous antagonist of il 1 receptors il 1ra is a useful tool to study the role of il 1r mediated activity in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the finding that brain atrophy increased with gene dosage suggests that it is dependent on the degree of central blockade of il 1 transmission [12] . | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | this conclusion is supported by the fact that il 1 promotes astroglial proliferation during embryogenesis and that it has immunomodulatory actions during brain development [2] . | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | it has been suggested that il 1 released from amoeboid microglia during development is involved in regulating the growth of the cns during embryogenesis [2] . | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | interestingly il 1 has been shown to stimulate the differentiation of mesencephalic progenitor cells to dopaminergic neurons [16] and to increase the neuronal survival in dissociated spinal cord cultures derived from f | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | however these cytokines were essentially unaffected by the chronic blocking of il 1 receptors in the brain. | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | furthermore a modulatory role of il 1 signalling in the brain on the production of amyloid precursor protein app was suggested by the finding that the heterozygotic but not homozygotic mice had decreased levels of app in the cerebellum [ | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | experimental studies have shown the reciprocal interactions between cytokines il 1 and il 6 and app/_amp_#x3b2; amyloid a_amp_#x3b2; peptide. | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | cognitive dysfunction [37] but not in ad patients with severe dementia or patients with mild cognitive impairment mci [38] possibly indicating an attempt of the brain to modulate effects of increased il 1 levels. | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | immuno and in situ hybridisation histochemistry demonstrated that in addition to the proinflammatory cytokine il 1 the excitotoxic injury is accompanied by an induction of a cytokine with antiinflammatory properties the endogenous receptor antagonist il 1ra see [41] . | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | ka mainly induced the production of the secreted form sil 1ra [42] thus available for blocking il 1 binding to the signalling il 1ri. | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | however glucocorticoids known to have inhibitory effects on immune responses and the synthesis of il 1 [1] have been shown to block ka induced il 1_amp_#x3b2; mrna expression in cerebral cortex hippocampus and hypothalamus [53] and to enhance ka induced neuronal damage in the hippocampus [54] without | | |
| 17597167 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | these findings are somewhat surprising given the stimulatory effects of ka on cytokine synthesis [42] [47] [51] and [53] see [41] and that _amp_#x3b1; msh has been shown to reduce the levels of il 1 and other pyrogenic proinflammatory cytokines see [55] . | | |
| 18040778 | il 1b | il 1b | 1.0 | indeed it is now recognized that hiv 1 infected microglia and other brain macrophages actively secrete both neurotoxins such as tumor necrosis factor tnf a interleukin il 1b cxcl8 glutamate quinolinic acid platelet activating factor eicosanoids and nitric oxide no as well as neurotoxic viral proteins such as tat gp120 and gp41. | | |
| 18040778 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | dy demonstrated that human microglia are more efficient at ingesting m. tuberculosis than virulent and avirulent strains of m. avium and that following infection there is a lasting inhibition of both il 1 and il 10 production curto et al. 2004 . | | |
| 18040778 | il 1b | il 1b | 1.0 | in these experiments m. tuberculosis infected microglia elicited robust amounts of several cytokines/chemokines including tnf a il 6 il 1b ccl2 ccl5 and cxcl10. | | |
| 18414597 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | pro inflammatory cytokines tnf alpha and il 1 secretory phospholipase a 2 iia and lipoprotein pla 2 are implicated in vascular inflammation. | | |
| 18414597 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | tnf alpha and il 1 alter lipid metabolism and stimulate production of eicosanoids ceramide and reactive oxygen species that potentiate cns injuries and certain neurological disorders. | | |
| 18464925 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | in contrast to the above described tzds the natural ligand 15d pgj 2 prevented the il 1 _amp_#x003b2; induced cox 2 mrna accumulation in human astrocytes through a ppar _amp_#x003b3; independent mechanism [ 60 ]. | | |
| 18464925 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | in a recent study 15d pgj 2 and ciglitazone suppress the production of il 1 _amp_#x003b2; and no in staphylococcus aureus stimulated astrocytes [ 68 ]. | | |
| 18464925 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | the same authors then demonstrated that 15d pgj 2 decreases the production of tnf _amp_#x003b1; il 1 _amp_#x003b2; and the expression of cox 2 in the same cell system while increasing the expression of the antioxidant enzyme hemeoxygenase 1 and the intracellular levels of glutathione [ 75 ]. | | |
| 18464925 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | these effects were paralleled by a transient reduction of tnf _amp_#x003b1; and no production and a protracted inhibition of il 1 _amp_#x003b2; and pge 2 synthesis suggesting a dynamic regulation of the functional state of activated microglia by ncx 2216. | | |
| 18751914 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | pro inflammatory cytokines tnf _amp_#945; and il 1 secretory phospholipase a 2 iia and lipoprotein pla 2 are implicated in vascular inflammation. | | |
| 18751914 | il 1 | il 1 | 1.0 | tnf _amp_#945; and il 1 alter lipid metabolism and stimulate production of eicosanoids ceramide and reactive oxygen species that potentiate cns injuries and certain neurological disorders. | | |