)| PMID |
17597167 ( ) |
|---|---|
| Title | Inflammation in the nervous system--physiological and pathophysiological aspects. |
| Abstract | There is ample evidence for the occurrence of inflammatory processes in most major neurodegenerative disorders, both in acute conditions such as traumatic brain injury and stroke, and in chronic disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's disease. Studies on inflammatory factors such as pro- and antiinflammatory cytokines in experimental models of neurodegenerative disorders suggest that they are not merely bystanders, but may be involved in the neurodegenerative process. In addition, there are findings indicating that inflammatory factors may have beneficial effects on the nervous system, particularly during development of the nervous system. The challenge is to understand when, where and during which circumstances inflammation and inflammatory factors are positive or negative for neuronal survival and functioning. Some of our studies on cytokines, particularly the interleukin-1 system, are summarised and discussed in relation to neurodegeneration, cognition, and temperature changes. Society, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden. Marianne.Schultzberg@ki.se |
NOTE: Color highlight is limited to the abstract and SciMiner text-mining mode. If you see much more identified targets below from "Targets by SciMiner Summary" and "Targets by SciMiner Full list", they may have been identified from the full text.
Targets by SciMiner Summary
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Target Name | #Occur | ActualStr |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | 48 | IL-1 | il 1 | |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | 22 | ACTH | MSH | |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | 20 | icil 1ra | IL-1ra | |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | 11 | IL-6 | il 6 | |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | 8 | APP | amyloid | |
| 1499 | CASP1 | caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase) | 8 | caspase 1 | ICE | |
| 5991 | IL1A | interleukin 1, alpha | 3 | interleukin 1 | |
| 5993 | IL1R1 | interleukin 1 receptor, type I | 3 | IL-1R | |
| 5995 | IL1RAP | interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein | 2 | IL-1RAcP | il 1racp | |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | 2 | TNF-A | |
| 4571 | GRIA1 | glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 1 | 2 | glutamate receptor | |
| 1033 | BDNF | brain-derived neurotrophic factor | 2 | brain derived neurotrophic factor | BDNF | |
| 17944 | EXOSC3 | exosome component 3 | 1 | p10 | |
| 2355 | CRH | corticotropin releasing hormone | 1 | CRF | |
| 727 | ARTN | artemin | 1 | neurotrophic factor | |
| 5997 | IL1RAPL2 | interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 2 | 1 | il 1 receptor | |
| 21210 | LPAL2 | lipoprotein, Lp(a)-like 2 | 1 | apolipoprotein | |
| 613 | APOE | apolipoprotein E | 1 | apoE | |
| 5294 | HTR2B | 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2B | 1 | 5 ht | |
Targets by SciMiner Full list
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Name | ActualStr | Score | FlankingText |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | The proinflammatory cytokines of which interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1 IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-_amp_#x3b1 (TNF-_amp_#x3b1;) TNF-_amp_#x3b1 are involved in |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | IL-6 | 1.8 | The proinflammatory cytokines of which interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1 IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-_amp_#x3b1 (TNF-_amp_#x3b1;) TNF-_amp_#x3b1 are involved in the |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 0.3 | which interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-1 IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor-_amp_#x3b1 (TNF-_amp_#x3b1;) TNF-_amp_#x3b1 are involved in the initial immune response help to drive |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | In the case of IL-1 there is an endogenous competitive antagonist of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | case of IL-1 there is an endogenous competitive antagonist of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated IL-1R -mediated activity IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-1ra |
| 5993 | IL1R1 | interleukin 1 receptor, type I | IL-1R | 0.3 | there is an endogenous competitive antagonist of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated IL-1R -mediated activity IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-1ra that binds to |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | endogenous competitive antagonist of IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated IL-1R -mediated activity IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-1ra that binds to the receptor without |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | IL-1 receptor (IL-1R)-mediated IL-1R -mediated activity IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), IL-1ra that binds to the receptor without the association of the |
| 5993 | IL1R1 | interleukin 1 receptor, type I | IL-1R | 0.3 | that binds to the receptor without the association of the IL-1R accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) IL-1RAcP and hence without an ensuing biological |
| 5995 | IL1RAP | interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein | IL-1RAcP | 1.3 | receptor without the association of the IL-1R accessory protein (IL-1RAcP) IL-1RAcP and hence without an ensuing biological activity (see see 1 |
| 5993 | IL1R1 | interleukin 1 receptor, type I | IL-1R | 0.3 | In addition the soluble IL-1R type II (IL-1RII) IL-1RII acts as a so called decoy |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | IL-1RII acts as a so called decoy receptor by binding IL-1 and preventing the binding to the signalling type I receptor |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | The existence of two endogenous inhibitors sIL-1RII and IL-1ra underlines the potency of IL-1 both with regard to the |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | two endogenous inhibitors sIL-1RII and IL-1ra underlines the potency of IL-1 both with regard to the binding affinity and the fact |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | Cytokines such as IL-1 also activate the hypothalamo_amp_#x2013 pituitary_amp_#x2013 adrenal (HPA)-axis HPA -axis (see |
| 2355 | CRH | corticotropin releasing hormone | CRF | 0.6 | see 3 resulting in the release of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), CRF adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) ACTH and corticosterone |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | ACTH | 1.5 | the release of corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), CRF adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) ACTH and corticosterone |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | The occurrence of both IL-1 isoforms IL-1_amp_#x3b1 and IL-1_amp_#x3b2 in the adrenal gland constitutively as |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | provides another source of agonists as well as antagonists for IL-1 receptors in a situation when the immune system is activated |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | Interestingly IL-1 has been shown to exert modulatory effects on learning and |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | on the habituation in the open field 9 suggesting that IL-1 may be an important modulator of hippocampus-dependent learning |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | Cytokines such as IL-1 and other inflammatory molecules may be causative or protective or |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | The endogenous antagonist of IL-1 receptors IL-1ra is a useful tool to study the role |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | The endogenous antagonist of IL-1 receptors IL-1ra is a useful tool to study the role of IL-1R-mediated |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | Thus IL-1ra provides neuroprotection in different models of cerebral ischaemia upon peripheral |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | Furthermore endogenous IL-1ra was shown to be neuroprotective since inhibition of the action |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | shown to be neuroprotective since inhibition of the action of IL-1ra by passive immunoneutralisation enhanced cerebral damage in permanent focal cerebral |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | IL-1ra exists in three isoforms i.e two intracellular forms (icIL-1ra) icIL-1ra |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | Transgenic overexpression of human soluble (hs) hs IL-1ra (Tg Tg hsIL-1ra in the central nervous system (CNS) CNS |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | a post-ischaemic depletion of hsIL-1ra suggesting that the levels of IL-1ra were insufficient to provide neuroprotection under those circumstances particularly in |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | it is dependent on the degree of central blockade of IL-1 transmission 12 |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | This conclusion is supported by the fact that IL-1 promotes astroglial proliferation during embryogenesis and that it has immunomodulatory |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | It has been suggested that IL-1 released from amoeboid microglia during development is involved in regulating |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | Interestingly IL-1 has been shown to stimulate the differentiation of mesencephalic progenitor |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | IL-6 | 1.8 | The levels of IL-1_amp_#x3b2 IL-6 and TNF-_amp_#x3b1 in different brain regions of the Tg hsIL-1ra |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 0.3 | The levels of IL-1_amp_#x3b2 IL-6 and TNF-_amp_#x3b1 in different brain regions of the Tg hsIL-1ra mice were |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | these cytokines were essentially unaffected by the chronic blocking of IL-1 receptors in the brain |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | Furthermore a modulatory role of IL-1 signalling in the brain on the production of amyloid precursor |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.0 | of IL-1 signalling in the brain on the production of amyloid precursor protein (APP) APP was suggested by the finding that |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | APP | 0.3 | the brain on the production of amyloid precursor protein (APP) APP was suggested by the finding that the heterozygotic but not |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | APP | 0.3 | the heterozygotic but not homozygotic mice had decreased levels of APP in the cerebellum 12 |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | Experimental studies have shown the reciprocal interactions between cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 and APP/_amp_#x3b2;-amyloid APP _amp_#x3b2 -amyloid (A_amp_#x3b2;) A_amp_#x3b2 peptide |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | IL-6 | 1.8 | Experimental studies have shown the reciprocal interactions between cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 and APP/_amp_#x3b2;-amyloid APP _amp_#x3b2 -amyloid (A_amp_#x3b2;) A_amp_#x3b2 peptide |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | IL-6 | 1.8 | studies have shown the reciprocal interactions between cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 and APP/_amp_#x3b2;-amyloid APP _amp_#x3b2 -amyloid (A_amp_#x3b2;) A_amp_#x3b2 peptide |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | APP | 0.3 | the reciprocal interactions between cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 and APP/_amp_#x3b2;-amyloid APP _amp_#x3b2 -amyloid (A_amp_#x3b2;) A_amp_#x3b2 peptide |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.0 | interactions between cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 and APP/_amp_#x3b2;-amyloid APP _amp_#x3b2 -amyloid (A_amp_#x3b2;) A_amp_#x3b2 peptide |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | APP | 0.3 | Thus the cytokines stimulate synthesis release and metabolism of APP 28 and 29 while the cleavage product A_amp_#x3b2 peptide induces |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | IL-6 | 1.8 | mouse models of AD exemplified by the early expression of IL-6 mRNA prior to the appearance of amyloid plaques in mice |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.0 | early expression of IL-6 mRNA prior to the appearance of amyloid plaques in mice with overexpression of human APP with the |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | APP | 0.3 | appearance of amyloid plaques in mice with overexpression of human APP with the so called Swedish mutation 31 and gliosis in |
| 613 | APOE | apolipoprotein E | apoE | 0.3 | so called Swedish mutation 31 and gliosis in apolipoprotein (apoE) apoE knock-out mice 32 |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | an attempt of the brain to modulate effects of increased IL-1 levels |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | hybridisation histochemistry demonstrated that in addition to the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1 the excitotoxic injury is accompanied by an induction of a |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | of a cytokine with antiinflammatory properties the endogenous receptor antagonist IL-1ra (see see 41 |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | of the secreted form sIL-1ra 42 thus available for blocking IL-1 binding to the signalling IL-1RI |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | The expression of IL-1ra mRNA and protein ( 42 see 41 was predominantly seen |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | showed that the proinflammatory cytokine IL-1_amp_#x3b2 preceded both the antiinflammatory IL-1ra and the synthesising enzyme caspase-1 (see see 41 |
| 1499 | CASP1 | caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase) | ICE | 0.3 | Caspase-1 or IL-1_amp_#x3b2 -converting enzyme (ICE), ICE is one of several cystein proteases that cleave the substrate |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | Fig 2 co-localised with _amp_#x3b1 -melanocyte stimulating hormone (_amp_#x3b1;-MSH) _amp_#x3b1 -MSH 45 whereas both IL-1ra and IL-1RI were found to be |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | _amp_#x3b1 -melanocyte stimulating hormone (_amp_#x3b1;-MSH) _amp_#x3b1 -MSH 45 whereas both IL-1ra and IL-1RI were found to be expressed in vasopressin neurons |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | and (R)-CPP R -CPP reduced KA-induced expression of IL-1_amp_#x3b2 and IL-1ra 47 indicating that this microglial response to KA is due |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | The ratios between the levels of IL-1_amp_#x3b2 and those of IL-1ra and IL-6 respectively in response to KA changed over time |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | IL-6 | 1.8 | between the levels of IL-1_amp_#x3b2 and those of IL-1ra and IL-6 respectively in response to KA changed over time in such |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | The levels of IL-1ra in the hippocampus were still elevated at 24_amp_#xa0 h ( |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | seems reasonable to hypothesise that the balance between IL-1_amp_#x3b2 and IL-1ra and possibly other cytokines in the hypothalamus has consequences for |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | have inhibitory effects on immune responses and the synthesis of IL-1 1 have been shown to block KA-induced IL-1_amp_#x3b2 mRNA expression |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | Together with the finding that i.c.v administration of IL-1ra protects against the pro-epileptogenic effect of IL-1_amp_#x3b2 15 without affecting |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | The neuropeptide _amp_#x3b1 -MSH is known to have anti-pyretic and antiinflammatory properties (see see |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | Co-administration of _amp_#x3b1 -MSH and KA in rats showed a potentiating effect of _amp_#x3b1 |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | and KA in rats showed a potentiating effect of _amp_#x3b1 -MSH on KA-induced hyperthermia as well as on the initial KA-induced |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | well as on the initial KA-induced hypothermic effect whereas _amp_#x3b1 -MSH administered alone produced a dose-dependent increase in core temperature with |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | 42 47 51 and 53 see 41 and that _amp_#x3b1 -MSH has been shown to reduce the levels of IL-1 and |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | IL-1 | 1.3 | _amp_#x3b1 -MSH has been shown to reduce the levels of IL-1 and other pyrogenic proinflammatory cytokines (see see 55 |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | modulation of core temperature changes by KA 50 and _amp_#x3b1 -MSH respectively indicates the complexity of temperature regulation |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | A more consistent effect of _amp_#x3b1 -MSH on body temperature was observed in global cerebral ischaemia in |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | Thus pretreatment with _amp_#x3b1 -MSH resulted in a hypothermic response with continued decrease during the |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | In addition systemic administration of _amp_#x3b1 -MSH was found to potentiate the decrease in brain temperature observed |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | Several studies have shown that _amp_#x3b1 -MSH can provide protection against tissue damage due to ischaemia in |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | and reperfusion in the rat upon peripheral administration of _amp_#x3b1 -MSH 62 and in the Mongolian gerbil upon administration of a |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | Thus we found that upon post-ischaemic administration of _amp_#x3b1 -MSH there was a 75% larger number of viable neurons in |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | Neuroprotective and neurotrophic activities of _amp_#x3b1 -MSH have also been shown in various models of neuronal injury |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | Recently we have found that _amp_#x3b1 -MSH may provide neuroprotection also upon KA-induced excitotoxicity 65 |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | Also in this case was _amp_#x3b1 -MSH administered after the toxic insult and the rescuing effect seen |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | It is conceivable that the antiinflammatory properties of _amp_#x3b1 -MSH are responsible for its neuroprotective activities but other properties such |
| 1033 | BDNF | brain-derived neurotrophic factor | BDNF | 1.9 | such as neurotrophic actions via e.g brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) BDNF or vascular effects may also be considered |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | IL-1ra | 1.8 | Homozygotic (Tg Tg IL-1ra +/+ n = 12 mice spent significantly longer time in |
| 17944 | EXOSC3 | exosome component 3 | p10 | 0.3 | of the rat hypothalamus after incubation with antibodies to the p10 subunit of caspase-1 showing immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | during global cerebral ischaemia in rats following pretreatment with _amp_#x3b1 -MSH ( n = 7 but not saline ( n = |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | during cerebral ischaemia is larger in rats pretreated with _amp_#x3b1 -MSH than after saline pretreatment ( p _amp_#x3c 0.05 |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | cerebral ischaemia/reperfusion ischaemia reperfusion followed by systemic administration of _amp_#x3b1 -MSH |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | MSH | 1.5 | Note the marked protection provided by post-ischaemic administration of _amp_#x3b1 -MSH (C) C |
| 5991 | IL1A | interleukin 1, alpha | interleukin 1 | 1.0 | some of our studies on cytokines particularly the interleukin 1 system are summarised and discussed in relation to neurodegeneration cognition and temperature changes. |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | the proinflammatory cytokines of which interleukin 1 il 1 il 6 and tumour necrosis factor _amp_#x3b1; tnf _amp_#x3b1; are involved in the initial immune response help to drive the elimination of pathogens and resolution of the inflammatory process. |
| 5991 | IL1A | interleukin 1, alpha | interleukin 1 | 1.0 | the proinflammatory cytokines of which interleukin 1 il 1 il 6 and tumour necrosis factor _amp_#x3b1; tnf _amp_#x3b1; are involved in the initial immune response help to drive the elimination of pathogens and resolution of the inflammatory process. |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | il 6 | 1.0 | the proinflammatory cytokines of which interleukin 1 il 1 il 6 and tumour necrosis factor _amp_#x3b1; tnf _amp_#x3b1; are involved in the initial immune response help to drive the elimination of pathogens and resolution of the inflammatory process. |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | in the case of il 1 there is an endogenous competitive antagonist of il 1 receptor il 1r mediated activity il 1 receptor antagonist il 1ra that binds to the receptor without the association of the il 1r accessory protein il 1racp and hence without an ensuing biological activity see [1] . |
| 5997 | IL1RAPL2 | interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein-like 2 | il 1 receptor | 1.0 | in the case of il 1 there is an endogenous competitive antagonist of il 1 receptor il 1r mediated activity il 1 receptor antagonist il 1ra that binds to the receptor without the association of the il 1r accessory protein il 1racp and hence without an ensuing biological activity see [1] . |
| 5995 | IL1RAP | interleukin 1 receptor accessory protein | il 1racp | 1.0 | here is an endogenous competitive antagonist of il 1 receptor il 1r mediated activity il 1 receptor antagonist il 1ra that binds to the receptor without the association of the il 1r accessory protein il 1racp and hence without an ensuing biological activity see [1] . |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | in addition the soluble il 1r type ii il 1rii acts as a so called decoy receptor by binding il 1 and preventing the binding to the signalling type i receptor il 1ri see [1] . |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | the existence of two endogenous inhibitors sil 1rii and il 1ra underlines the potency of il 1 both with regard to the binding affinity and the fact that this cytokine acts on many different cells and tissues see [1] . |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | cytokines such as il 1 also activate the hypothalamo_amp_#x2013;pituitary_amp_#x2013;adrenal hpa axis see [3] resulting in the release of corticotrophin releasing factor crf adrenocorticotrophic hormone acth and corticoste |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | the occurrence of both il 1 isoforms il 1_amp_#x3b1; and il 1_amp_#x3b2; in the adrenal gland constitutively as well as inducible by lipopolysaccharides lps [4] provides another source of agonists as well as antagonists for il |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | isoforms il 1_amp_#x3b1; and il 1_amp_#x3b2; in the adrenal gland constitutively as well as inducible by lipopolysaccharides lps [4] provides another source of agonists as well as antagonists for il 1 receptors in a situation when the immune system is activated. |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | interestingly il 1 has been shown to exert modulatory effects on learning and memory however with negative effects such as impairment of spatial navigation learning in the morris water maze in rodents [6] but also posi |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | ain directed overexpression of hsil 1ra [8] it was found that blocking il 1r mediated signalling in the brain resulted in an inhibitory effect on the habituation in the open field [9] suggesting that il 1 may be an important modulator of hippocampus dependent learning. |
| 5294 | HTR2B | 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) receptor 2B | 5 ht | 1.0 | analysis of dopamine da 5 hydroxytryptamine 5 ht and their metabolites in different brain regions showed that the levels were lower in the hsil 1ra transgenic mice [9] . |
| 5991 | IL1A | interleukin 1, alpha | interleukin 1 | 1.0 | the interleukin 1 system and neurodegeneration |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | cytokines such as il 1 and other inflammatory molecules may be causative or protective or merely bystanders or all of these alternatives depending on the circumstances including the length of exposure levels age of the ind |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | the endogenous antagonist of il 1 receptors il 1ra is a useful tool to study the role of il 1r mediated activity in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions. |
| 6000 | IL1RN | interleukin 1 receptor antagonist | icil 1ra | 1.0 | il 1ra exists in three isoforms i.e. two intracellular forms icil 1ra and one secreted form sil 1ra see [1] . |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | the finding that brain atrophy increased with gene dosage suggests that it is dependent on the degree of central blockade of il 1 transmission [12] . |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | this conclusion is supported by the fact that il 1 promotes astroglial proliferation during embryogenesis and that it has immunomodulatory actions during brain development [2] . |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | it has been suggested that il 1 released from amoeboid microglia during development is involved in regulating the growth of the cns during embryogenesis [2] . |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | interestingly il 1 has been shown to stimulate the differentiation of mesencephalic progenitor cells to dopaminergic neurons [16] and to increase the neuronal survival in dissociated spinal cord cultures derived from f |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | il 6 | 1.0 | the levels of il 1_amp_#x3b2; il 6 and tnf _amp_#x3b1; in different brain regions of the tg hsil 1ra mice were analysed in view of possible compensatory upregulation. |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | however these cytokines were essentially unaffected by the chronic blocking of il 1 receptors in the brain. |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | furthermore a modulatory role of il 1 signalling in the brain on the production of amyloid precursor protein app was suggested by the finding that the heterozygotic but not homozygotic mice had decreased levels of app in the cerebellum [ |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | experimental studies have shown the reciprocal interactions between cytokines il 1 and il 6 and app/_amp_#x3b2; amyloid a_amp_#x3b2; peptide. |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | il 6 | 1.0 | experimental studies have shown the reciprocal interactions between cytokines il 1 and il 6 and app/_amp_#x3b2; amyloid a_amp_#x3b2; peptide. |
| 21210 | LPAL2 | lipoprotein, Lp(a)-like 2 | apolipoprotein | 1.0 | dels of ad exemplified by the early expression of il 6 mrna prior to the appearance of amyloid plaques in mice with overexpression of human app with the so called swedish mutation [31] and gliosis in apolipoprotein apoe knock out mice [32] . |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | il 6 | 1.0 | gliosis and an increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines are also found in the brain of transgenic mouse models of ad exemplified by the early expression of il 6 mrna prior to the appearance of amyloid plaques in mice with overexpression of human app with the so called swedish mutation [31] and gliosis in apolipoprotein apoe knock out mice [32] . |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | cognitive dysfunction [37] but not in ad patients with severe dementia or patients with mild cognitive impairment mci [38] possibly indicating an attempt of the brain to modulate effects of increased il 1 levels. |
| 4571 | GRIA1 | glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 1 | glutamate receptor | 1.0 | excessive glutamate receptor stimulation results in increased intracellular ca 2+ levels which gives rise to neuronal cell death excitotoxicity. |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | immuno and in situ hybridisation histochemistry demonstrated that in addition to the proinflammatory cytokine il 1 the excitotoxic injury is accompanied by an induction of a cytokine with antiinflammatory properties the endogenous receptor antagonist il 1ra see [41] . |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | ka mainly induced the production of the secreted form sil 1ra [42] thus available for blocking il 1 binding to the signalling il 1ri. |
| 1499 | CASP1 | caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase) | caspase 1 | 1.0 | the induction sequence showed that the proinflammatory cytokine il 1_amp_#x3b2; preceded both the antiinflammatory il 1ra and the synthesising enzyme caspase 1 see [41] . |
| 1499 | CASP1 | caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase) | caspase 1 | 1.0 | caspase 1 or il 1_amp_#x3b2; converting enzyme ice is one of several cystein proteases that cleave the substrate at an aspartate_amp_#x2013;alanine site see [1] . |
| 1499 | CASP1 | caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase) | caspase 1 | 1.0 | caspases have in common to exert apoptotic activity and caspase 1 was shown to be the mammalian homologue of ced 3 in the nematode caenorhabditis elegans [43] . |
| 1499 | CASP1 | caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase) | caspase 1 | 1.0 | inhibition of caspase 1 activity was shown to prevent apoptotic cell death of cultured neurons [44] . |
| 1499 | CASP1 | caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase) | caspase 1 | 1.0 | in addition to its inducible production in microglia see [41] caspase 1 is found constitutively in arcuate neurons see fig 2 co localised with _amp_#x3b1; melanocyte stimulating hormone _amp_#x3b1; msh [45] whereas both il 1ra and il 1ri were found to be expressed in vas |
| 4571 | GRIA1 | glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 1 | glutamate receptor | 1.0 | temic administration of ka is mediated not only by the ka receptor subtype of glutamate receptors but also indirectly by the release of the endogenous transmitter see [39] that can bind to all of the glutamate receptor subtypes including n methyl d aspartate nmda receptors. |
| 6018 | IL6 | interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2) | il 6 | 1.0 | the ratios between the levels of il 1_amp_#x3b2; and those of il 1ra and il 6 respectively in response to ka changed over time in such a way as to indicate an imbalance at time points when the body temperature was altered [51] . |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | however glucocorticoids known to have inhibitory effects on immune responses and the synthesis of il 1 [1] have been shown to block ka induced il 1_amp_#x3b2; mrna expression in cerebral cortex hippocampus and hypothalamus [53] and to enhance ka induced neuronal damage in the hippocampus [54] without |
| 5992 | IL1B | interleukin 1, beta | il 1 | 1.0 | these findings are somewhat surprising given the stimulatory effects of ka on cytokine synthesis [42] [47] [51] and [53] see [41] and that _amp_#x3b1; msh has been shown to reduce the levels of il 1 and other pyrogenic proinflammatory cytokines see [55] . |
| 727 | ARTN | artemin | neurotrophic factor | 1.0 | it is conceivable that the antiinflammatory properties of _amp_#x3b1; msh are responsible for its neuroprotective activities but other properties such as neurotrophic actions via e.g. brain derived neurotrophic factor bdnf or vascular effects may also be considered. |
| 1033 | BDNF | brain-derived neurotrophic factor | brain derived neurotrophic factor | 1.0 | it is conceivable that the antiinflammatory properties of _amp_#x3b1; msh are responsible for its neuroprotective activities but other properties such as neurotrophic actions via e.g. brain derived neurotrophic factor bdnf or vascular effects may also be considered. |
| 1499 | CASP1 | caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase) | caspase 1 | 1.0 | fig. 2._amp_#xa0;micrographs of sections of the rat hypothalamus after incubation with antibodies to the p10 subunit of caspase 1 showing immunoreactive nerve cell bodies in the arcuate nucleus arrows on some neurons in a . |
| 1499 | CASP1 | caspase 1, apoptosis-related cysteine peptidase (interleukin 1, beta, convertase) | caspase 1 | 1.0 | a dense network of varicose nerve fibres with caspase 1 immunoreactivity can be seen in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and less dense networks are seen in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus and the posterior hypothalamic area b . 3v = third ventr |