HUGO ID Detailed Result 9232

HUGO ID 9232
Symbol PPARA
Name peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha
#Occurrence 170
#Paper 8

 

PMID Match String Actual String Score Flanking text Edited by Edit
15649489PPARPPARs2.2Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) PPARs are involved in the inflammatory process 
15649489PPARPPAR-2.2Agonists of PPAR- -_amp_#x3b3 and -_amp_#x3b4 show anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and 
15649489PPARPPARs2.2The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) PPARs are member of the nuclear receptor super family 
15649489PPARPPARs2.2PPARs are ligand dependent transcription factors that bind to specific peroxisome 
15649489PPARPPARs2.2PPARs have been implicated in insulin sensitivity adipocyte differentiation and inflammatory 
15649489PPARPPAR-2.2Numerous studies show that agonists of PPAR- -_amp_#x3b3 and -_amp_#x3b4 exert anti-inflammatory effects both in vitro and 
15649489PPARPPARs2.2PPARs down-regulate proinflammatory cytokines and iNOS in both macrophages and microglial 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3Because peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR PPAR gamma agonists act as potent anti-inflammatory drugs we tested whether 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3mouse model of ALS benefit from oral treatment with the PPAR gamma agonist pioglitazone (Pio) Pio 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR PPAR gamma ligands were developed as oral antidiabetic drugs after the 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3were developed as oral antidiabetic drugs after the discovery that PPAR gamma activation increases insulin sensitivity and normalizes serum glucose levels 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3Beyond their insulin sensitizing and other metabolic actions PPAR gamma ligands exert several other PPAR gamma-dependent and -independent antineoplastic 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3and other metabolic actions PPAR gamma ligands exert several other PPAR gamma-dependent and -independent antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory effects (Daynes Daynes and 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3In microglia and macrophages PPAR gamma activation results in inhibition of proinflammatory gene expression through 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3whether an oral treatment of SOD1 transgenic mice with the PPAR gamma agonist pioglitazone would reduce neuroinflammation protect from motor neuron 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3PPAR gamma ligands suppress microglial activation thereby protecting neurons from inflammation-mediated 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3PPAR gamma and neuroinflammation 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3Originally developed as oral antidiabetics agonists of PPAR gamma have been found to exert potent anti-inflammatory effects in 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3SOD1-G93A transgenic mice would benefit from chronic treatment with a PPAR gamma agonist Within the thiazolidinedione class of PPAR gamma agonists 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3with a PPAR gamma agonist Within the thiazolidinedione class of PPAR gamma agonists Pio is the only substance that penetrates the 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3PPAR gamma and microglial activation 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3PPAR gamma-mediated inhibition of inflammatory mediators 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3PPAR gamma-mediated activation of anti-inflammatory genes 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3Several PPAR gamma-dependent and -independent anti-inflammatory actions of the TZD class of 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3The principal clinical usage of PPAR gamma agonists is for treatment of type II diabetes 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3It has been shown recently that PPAR gamma agonist treatment leads to an upregulation of Cu/Zn-SOD1 Cu 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3conclude that patients suffering from sporadic ALS will benefit from PPAR gamma-agonist treatment if initiated after clinical onset of disease 
16120782PPARPPAR3.3before the appearance of clinical symptoms may benefit from prophylactic PPAR gamma-agonist medication 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) PPARs play key roles in lipid metabolism and inflammation 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9Recent studies indicated that PPARs are also capable of modulating immune responses 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9A review of the role of PPAR agonists in modulating glial cell activation is presented 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9a discussion of the molecular mechanisms of action of these PPAR agonists and the potential utility of these agents for the 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) PPARs are members of a superfamily of proteins termed nuclear receptors 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9The role of PPARs in regulating the transcription of genes involved in glucose and 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9Three major subtypes of PPAR exist which are designated PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 -_amp_#x3b2;/_amp_#x3b4;, -_amp_#x3b2 _amp_#x3b4 and -_amp_#x3b3 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9Three major subtypes of PPAR exist which are designated PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 -_amp_#x3b2;/_amp_#x3b4;, -_amp_#x3b2 _amp_#x3b4 and -_amp_#x3b3 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9These observations stimulated studies investigating the role of PPAR in modulating inflammation 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 ligands include fibrates that are commonly used for the treatment 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9acid eicosapentanoic acid and linoleic acid are endogenous ligands for PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 while WY 14 643 and GW7647 are synthetic agonists of 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9PPARs are capable of regulating gene expression through multiple mechanisms 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9PPARs generally function as heterodimers in association with retinoid-X-receptors (RXRs) RXRs 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9In addition through a mechanism termed receptor-dependent transrepression PPARs are also capable of regulating gene expression independent of binding 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9In addition PPAR interaction with transcriptional co-activator/co-repressor co-activator co-repressor molecules that are in 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists also inhibit NF-_amp_#x3ba B activity by inducing the expression 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9Effects of PPARs on glial cell activation 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9Interestingly the PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists clofibrate and WY14 643 did not protect neurons in 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9Interestingly PPARs including PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 can be expressed by neurons ( Cimini et 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9Furthermore it has been suggested that PPAR activation in neurons may directly influence neuron cell viability and 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9but receptor-independent mechanisms at higher concentrations perhaps by activating other PPARs ( Welch et al. 2003 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9Relatively few studies have investigated the effects of PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists on glial cell activation 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9(2002) 2002 demonstrated that the PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonist gemfibrozil inhibited cytokine induction of NO and iNOS by 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9Gemfibrozil was suggested to function in a PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 independent manner in these studies since a dominant negative PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 independent manner in these studies since a dominant negative PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 mutant did not overcome gemfibrozil mediated inhibition of iNOS gene 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9We recently demonstrated that a variety of PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists inhibit the production of NO as well as the 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9Interestingly the PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonist fenofibrate in combination with the retinoid X receptor agonist 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9Finally our studies suggest that PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists inhibit glial activation at least in part by suppressing 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9In summary we demonstrate that PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists attenuate microglia and astrocyte activation in vitro 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9These results raise the possibility that PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists might have benefit as a therapy in a variety 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9This suggests that like PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 and PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists PPAR-_amp_#x3b2;/_amp_#x3b4; PPAR-_amp_#x3b2 _amp_#x3b4 agonists may suppress chronic glial activation 
16753239PPARPPARs1.9Effects of PPARs on neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9The role of PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists in MS has not been thoroughly investigated 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9We demonstrated that the PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists gemfibrozil and fenofibrate inhibit the clinical signs of EAE 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9In fact PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists in combination with the RXR agonist 9-cis RA act 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9In addition to effects on EAE PPAR agonists have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9The effects of PPAR agonists on stroke have recently been investigated 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9The PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonist fenofibrate reduced the susceptibility of apolipoprotein-E deficient mice to 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9Interestingly PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 knockout mice were not protected by fenofibrate supporting a role 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9mice were not protected by fenofibrate supporting a role for PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 in modulating pathologic events following ischemia 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9PPAR agonists inhibit glial cell activation which may protect neuronal cells 
16753239PPARPPAR-A1.9currently prescribed for the treatment of type II diabetes while PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists including fibrates are commonly prescribed for hypertriglyceridemia 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9should facilitate future clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of these PPAR agonists in the treatment of these human disorders of the 
16753239PPARPPAR1.9Finally understanding the molecular mechanisms by which PPAR agonists regulate CNS inflammation will also be critical in developing 
16766086PPARPPARs2.5subfamily of nuclear receptors are the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) PPARs which is comprised of three receptors PPAR_amp_#x3b1 _amp_#x3b2;/_amp_#x3b4; _amp_#x3b2 _amp_#x3b4 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8The biology of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) PPARs in physiological and pathophysiological processes has been primarily studied in 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8Recently it became clear that PPARs play an important role for the pathogenesis of various disorders 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8The finding that activation of PPARs and in particular the PPAR_amp_#x3b3 isoform suppresses inflammation in peripherial 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0Activation of all PPAR isoforms but especially of PPAR_amp_#x3b3 has been found to be 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0The ability of PPAR agonists to elicit anti-amyloidogenic anti-inflammatory and insulin sensitizing effects may 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0A number of clinical trials employing PPAR agonists have yielded promising results and further trials are in 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8Less is known about the physiological role of PPARs for brain development maintenance and function 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8Lesions from transgenic mouse models however provide evidence that PPARs may play pivotal roles for CNS development and function 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8Physiological function of PPARs in the brain 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8The peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) PPARs are ligand-inducible transcription factors which belong to the superfamily of 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8and retinoid receptors it is thought that the ability of PPARs to bind to a ligand was acquired during metazoan evolution 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0Three different PPAR isotypes (PPAR_amp_#x3b1;, PPAR_amp_#x3b1 PPAR_amp_#x3b2 also called _amp_#x3b4 and PPAR_amp_#x3b3 have 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8PPARs are involved in several aspects of tissue differentiation and rodent 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0PPAR_amp_#x3b1 _amp_#x3b2;/_amp_#x3b4; _amp_#x3b2 _amp_#x3b4 and _amp_#x3b3 developed from a common PPAR gene with broad ligand-binding specificity itself derived from the ancestral 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8PPARs regulate gene expression through multiple mechanisms and function as obligate 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8Like the other members of the superfamily PPARs are composed of four domains 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8E/F E F domain is responsible for the dimerization of PPARs with RXRs and the ligand-dependent transactivation function of the receptor 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8PPARs act to stimulate gene expression through binding to conserved DNA 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8PPARs also act to inhibit proinflammatory gene expression and do so 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8The PPARs act principally as lipid sensors and regulate whole body metabolism 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8Binding of PPARs to their specific ligands is leading to conformational changes which 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8Even though all PPARs can be attributed to a common ancestral nuclear receptor each 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0can be attributed to a common ancestral nuclear receptor each PPAR isotype has its own properties with regard to ligand binding 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0All three PPAR isotypes can be activated by polyunsaturated fatty acids with different 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8There is less known about the expression of the PPARs during human development 6 122 and 126 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0All three PPAR isotypes are co-expressed in the nervous system during late rat 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0The expression of the three PPAR isotypes peaks in the rat CNS between day 13.5 and 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8is isotype specific and regulated during development suggests that the PPARs may play a role during the formation of the CNS 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8All PPARs including PPAR_amp_#x3b3 have been described in the adult and developing 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0Furthermore it has been suggested that PPAR activation in neurons may directly influence neuron cell viability and 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8The localization of PPARs has also been investigated in purified cultures of neural cells 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0Astrocytes possess all three PPAR isotypes although to different degrees depending on the brain area 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8The role of PPARs in the CNS is mainly been related to lipid metabolism 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8Role of PPARs in neuro-immunological disease 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0The aforementioned in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that PPAR activation may be used as a new therapeutic avenue in 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8Role of PPARs in neurodegenerative disorders 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8PPARs in cerebral ischemia 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0The principal focus of studies of PPAR agonists has been on agonists of the PPAR_amp_#x3b3 isoform however 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0Likewise Arsenijevic and colleagues have explored the role of PPAR _amp_#x3b2;/_amp_#x3b4; _amp_#x3b2 _amp_#x3b4 in murine stroke and found that PPAR 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0PPAR _amp_#x3b2;/_amp_#x3b4; _amp_#x3b2 _amp_#x3b4 in murine stroke and found that PPAR _amp_#x3b2;/_amp_#x3b4; _amp_#x3b2 _amp_#x3b4 null mice exhibited significantly greater infarct sizes 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8risk for ischemic stroke 103 further supporting the importance of PPARs in cerebral ischemia 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8PPARs and tumors of the nervous system 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8All isoforms of PPARs are expressed in the brain 133 and 142 as well 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8in other neoplastic disease several natural and synthetic ligands of PPARs have been tested for their efficacy in the treatment of 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0Tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), TTA a saturated fatty acid and PPAR ligand inhibited growth of BT4Cn rat glioma cells at increased 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0PPAR agonists have also been shown to exhibit effects on tumor 
17569578PPARPPAR-independent2.5also been shown to exhibit effects on tumor biology through PPAR-independent mechanisms 
17569578PPARPPAR-independent2.5growth of T98G human glioblastoma cells and induced apoptosis through PPAR-independent mechanisms since their respective antagonists MK-886 and GW9662 did not 
17569578PPARPPAR3.0The molecular understanding of antineoplastic mechanisms of PPAR agonists is still emerging 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8by a number of reports dealing with the influence of PPARs on glioma treatment in vitro 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8However the agonists of PPARs in particular the TZDs seem to be promising candidates for 
17569578PPARPPARs2.8Therefore most studies that assess the influence of PPARs on treatment of neuroblastoma evaluate the impact of its natural 
18384649PPARPPAR2.2PPAR a therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease 
18384649PPARPPAR2.2Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), PPAR a member of nuclear receptor superfamily regulates development tissue differentiation 
18384649PPARPPAR2.2Recently several PPAR agonists were shown to exert neuroprotective activity against oxidative damage 
18384649PPARPPAR2.2Similarly regular intake of PPAR activating non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin and ibuprofen was 
18384649PPARPPAR2.2article we review studies relating to the neuroprotective effect of PPAR agonists in in vitro and in vivo models of PD 
18384649PPARPPAR2.2Similarly the pharmacological mechanism in neuroprotective actions of PPAR agonists is also reviewed 
18384649PPARPPAR2.2In conclusion PPAR agonists exert neuroprotective actions by regulating the expression of a 
18464922PPARPPARs2.2Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) PPARs are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the nuclear hormone 
18464922PPARPPAR-A2.2belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily which includes PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b2 / _amp_#x003b4 
18464922PPARPPARs2.2receptor from the same superfamily that forms heterodimeric complexes with PPARs in response to ligand binding 
18464922PPARPPARs2.2PPARs are ligand-dependent transcription factors that bind to specific PPREs and 
18464922PPARPPARs2.2PPARs regulate the expression of target genes in particular those associated 
18464922PPARPPAR2.5PPAR isotypes appear to exhibit distinct patterns of tissue distribution and 
18464922PPARPPAR-A2.2PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 is expressed in high levels in hepatocytes entrocytes and kidney 
18464922PPARPPAR-A2.2PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 is implicated to be responsible for the peroxisome proliferator-induced pleiotropic 
18464922PPARPPAR-A2.2PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 and _amp_#x003b4 appear primarily to stimulate oxidative lipid metabolism while 
18464922PPARPPAR2.5Figure 1 (a) a Structure of PPAR agonists (b) b schematic diagrams linking mechanisms of neuronal cell 
18464922PPARPPARs2.2PPARs in particular PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 may be a major signaling pathway involved 
18464922PPARPPAR2.5key regulatory factor in the modulation of target genes with PPAR response element (PPRE) PPRE in their promoters including those encoding 
18464922PPARPPAR2.5PPAR agonists are shown to modulate microglia and astrocytes in central 
18464922PPARPPARs2.2of studies to understand the mechanism and molecular details of PPARs and their role in protecting motor neurons from inflammatory damages 
18464922PPARPPAR-A2.2They also examined the expression of unclear hormone receptors PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 RXR-_amp_#x003b1 and transcription factors (NRF-1) NRF-1 that known to rely 
18464922PPARPPARs2.2is premature to conclude that there is no role for PPARs in HD 
18464922PPARPPARs2.2model of HD could shed light on the role of PPARs in HD 
18464925PPARPPAR-A2.2lipid and carbohydrate metabolism PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and the other two isoforms PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 and _amp_#x003b4 deeply affect lipid homeostasis and insulin sensitivity 1 
18464925PPARPPAR-A2.2diseases synthetic and natural PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 ligands_amp_#x02014 as well as some PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 or _amp_#x003b4 agonists_amp_#x02014 have been reported to ameliorate clinical symptoms 
18464925PPARPPAR2.8of the amount of data on the therapeutic activities of PPAR agonists in EAE clinical studies are still lacking and reports 
18464925PPARPPAR-A2.2The PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and the two closely related PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b4 (also also known as _amp_#x003b2 NUC-1 or FAAR 
18464925PPARPPAR-A2.2PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 is mainly expressed in tissues with high catabolic rates of 
18464925PPARPPARs2.2At protein level all three PPARs show a similar organization in five different functional domains two 
18464925PPARPPARs2.2hydrophobic domains of the ligand explains the low ligand-specificity of PPARs 
18464925PPARPPAR2.8Nonetheless the LBDs of the three PPAR isotypes have sufficiently divergent amino acid sequences to allow some 
18464925PPARPPAR2.8Several unsaturated fatty acids bind to all three PPAR isoforms whereas saturated fatty acids are in general poor PPAR 
18464925PPARPPAR2.8PPAR isoforms whereas saturated fatty acids are in general poor PPAR ligands 
18464925PPARPPAR2.8However given the relatively high concentration of lipids required for PPAR activation (in in the micromolar or submicromolar concentration range their 
18464925PPARPPAR2.8or submicromolar concentration range their _amp_#x0201c in vivo_amp_#x0201d role as PPAR ligands remains a controversial issue 
18464925PPARPPARs2.2the heterogeneous NSAID family have been described as agonists for PPARs 35 and reference therein 
18464925PPARPPAR2.8or paracetamol lack of agonistic activity for any of the PPAR subtypes whereas indomethacin ibuprofen and diclofenac are selective for the 
18464925PPARPPARs2.2Given the role of PPARs in lipid metabolism it is conceivable that this group of 
18464925PPARPPAR2.8Although PPAR-_amp_#x003b2 / _amp_#x003b4 has been long considered the PPAR type mainly expressed in OLs and involved in myelination 43 
18464925PPARPPAR2.8the authors first demonstrated that these cells expressed all three PPAR isoforms and found that natural and synthetic PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists but 
18464925PPARPPAR2.8_amp_#x003b2 -induced COX-2 mRNA accumulation in human astrocytes through a PPAR _amp_#x003b3 -independent mechanism 60 
18464925PPARPPAR-ligands2.2Drew 63 extended the analysis of the anti-inflammatory activity of PPAR-ligands to other inflammatory mediators belonging to the IL-12 family of