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17719032 ( ) |
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| Title | Intrathecal infusion of a Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA channel blocker slows loss of both motor neurons and of the astrocyte glutamate transporter, GLT-1 in a mutant SOD1 rat model of ALS. |
| Abstract | Elevated extracellular glutamate, resulting from a loss of astrocytic glutamate transport capacity, may contribute to excitotoxic motor neuron (MN) damage in ALS. Accounting for their high excitotoxic vulnerability, MNs possess large numbers of unusual Ca(2+)-permeable AMPA channels (Ca-AMPA channels), the activation of which triggers mitochondrial Ca(2+) overload and strong reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. However, the causes of the astrocytic glutamate transport loss remain unexplained. To assess the role of Ca-AMPA channels on the evolution of pathology in vivo, we have examined effects of prolonged intrathecal infusion of the Ca-AMPA channel blocker, 1-naphthyl acetylspermine (NAS), in G93A transgenic rat models of ALS. In wild-type animals, immunoreactivity for the astrocytic glutamate transporter, GLT-1, was particularly strong around ventral horn MNs. However, a marked loss of ventral horn GLT-1 was observed, along with substantial MN damage, prior to onset of symptoms (90-100 days) in the G93A rats. Conversely, labeling with the oxidative marker, nitrotyrosine, was increased in the neuropil surrounding MNs in the transgenic animals. Compared to sham-treated G93A animals, 30-day NAS infusions (starting at 67+/-2 days of age) markedly diminished the loss of both MNs and of astrocytic GLT-1 labeling. These observations are compatible with the hypothesis that activation of Ca-AMPA channels on MNs contributes, likely in part through oxidative mechanisms, to loss of glutamate transporter in surrounding astrocytes. |
NOTE: Color highlight is limited to the abstract and SciMiner text-mining mode. If you see much more identified targets below from "Targets by SciMiner Summary" and "Targets by SciMiner Full list", they may have been identified from the full text.
Targets by SciMiner Summary
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Target Name | #Occur | ActualStr |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | 57 | GLT-1 | excitatory amino acid transporter 2 | glt 1 | |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | 14 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase | |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | 12 | GFAP-positive | glial fibrillary acidic protein | |
| 4571 | GRIA1 | glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 1 | 1 | glutamate receptor | |
Targets by SciMiner Full list
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Name | ActualStr | Score | FlankingText |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | In wild-type animals immunoreactivity for the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1 was particularly strong around ventral horn MNs |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | However a marked loss of ventral horn GLT-1 was observed along with substantial MN damage prior to onset |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | markedly diminished the loss of both MNs and of astrocytic GLT-1 labeling |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | resulting from a selective loss of the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1 suggested an excitotoxic contribution ( Rothstein et al. 1992 and |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | mutant forms of the enzyme Cu Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1), SOD1 which are associated with familial ALS in humans |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | indicate that the rate of progression of MN loss in SOD1 mutant mice varies bidirectionally with the level of expression of |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | in a distinct form of familial ALS not linked to SOD1 ( Lai et al. 2006 and a Ca-AMPA channel blocker |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | Ca-AMPA channel blocker 1-naphthyl acetylspermine (NAS) NAS in G93A transgenic SOD1 rats |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | loss in these animals but also slows the loss of GLT-1 glutamate transporter in ventral horn regions near MNs consistent with |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | Male hemizygous SOD1 G93A transgenic rats [Tac:N:(SD)-TgN(SOD1G93A)L26H, Tac N SD -TgN SOD1G93A L26H |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | 1 8000 ip 1 2000 if Sternberger Monoclonals Berkeley CA GLT-1 1 1000 Chemicon Temecula CA 3-nitrotyrosine 10_amp_#xa0;_amp_#x3bc;g/ml, 10_amp_#xa0 _amp_#x3bc g |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | For examination of NT and GLT-1 labeling staining in the neuropil surrounding ventral horn MNs care |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | For GLT-1 fluorescence was measured in 5-_amp_#x3bc m zones surrounding the MNs |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | from the center of a neuron a region lacking specific GLT-1 labeling was subtracted prior to normalization of values to WT |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | were from the following sources SMI-32 Sternberger Monoclonals Berkeley CA GLT-1 Chemicon Temecula CA 3-nitrotyrosine Upstate Biotechnology Waltham MA |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | NAS slows MN loss in G93A SOD1 transgenic rats |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | As previously reported hemizygous G93A SOD1 transgenic rats generally develop symptoms between 115 and 130_amp_#xa0 days |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | Effects of NAS on glial pathology in G93A SOD1 transgenic rats |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | astrogliosis nitrotyrosine labeling and loss of astrocytic glutamate transport in SOD1 mutant rodent models of ALS ( Alexander et al. 2000 |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | Tu et al. 1996 and a specific decrease of the GLT-1 glutamate transporter has been reported in ventral horn of the |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP | 2.5 | we see a dramatic increase in astrogliosis as indicated by GFAP labeling most prominent initially in ventral horn and extending throughout |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP-positive | 2.5 | increase in both numbers and intensity of labeling of large GFAP-positive astrocytes in Tg-S mild attenuation of this astrocytosis in the |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | Finally there was a marked and consistent decrease in GLT-1 staining most prominent in ventral horn |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | Notably in wild-type animals GLT-1 labeling often showed a rim of particularly strong labeling immediately |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | Quantification of GLT-1 labeling in the neuropil surrounding MNs revealed a sharp decrease |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | in the neuropil surrounding MNs revealed a sharp decrease in GLT-1 labeling surrounding MNs in sham-treated transgenic animals (Tg-S) Tg-S |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | NAS on NT labeling NAS completely prevented the loss of GLT-1 labeling ( Fig 4 |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | Howland et al. 2002 we observe substantial loss of the GLT-1 glutamate transporter most evident in the ventral horn in close |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | preservation not only of ventral horn MNs but also of GLT-1 labeling near ventral horn MNs |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | protection by NAS of MNs themselves as well as of GLT-1 levels in the adjacent astrocytes is most consistent with the |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | Indeed observations that substantial loss of GLT-1 preceded much of the MN loss ( Howland et al. |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | as MNs is well documented in both sporadic human and SOD1 linked forms of the disease ( Beal et al. 1997 |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | Of note while SOD1 mutations only account for a small percentage of human ALS |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | between MNs and glia which we suggest are unique to SOD1 linked forms of disease transporter loss and oxidative tissue damage |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.4 | It has become increasingly clear that MN degeneration in SOD1 linked models of ALS is non-cell-autonomous with the genotype of |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP | 2.5 | transgenic rats and stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, GFAP green and SMI-32 (red, red A 3-nitrotyrosine (B), B or |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | red A 3-nitrotyrosine (B), B or the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLT-1 (green) green along with SMI-32 (red, red C |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP | 2.5 | number of reactive astrocytes near transgenic MNs indicated by strong GFAP labeling |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | Finally note the rim of strong GLT-1 labeling surrounding MNs in wild-type animals and the distinct loss |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP | 2.5 | 30-day intrathecal infusions stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP; GFAP 400_amp_#xd7 or for 3-nitrotyrosine (NT; NT 400_amp_#xd7 inserts 40_amp_#xd7 |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP-positive | 2.5 | Note the marked increase in numbers of GFAP-positive reactive astrocytes in transgenic animals (Tg-S), Tg-S the modest attenuation |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP | 2.5 | (B) B Quantification of labeling graphs show quantification of GFAP and NT labeling |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP | 2.5 | GFAP labeling was quantified as the number of distinct GFAP-positive astrocytes |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP-positive | 2.5 | GFAP labeling was quantified as the number of distinct GFAP-positive astrocytes per high power (400_amp_#xd7;) 400_amp_#xd7 field whereas NT staining |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | GFAP | 2.5 | labeling intensity in 25-_amp_#x3bc m zones surrounding each MN (GFAP GFAP counts based upon 6 independent experiments _amp_#x3e 20 fields for |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | Fig 4._amp_#xa0 Loss of GLT-1 in ventral horn astrocytes of G93A rats and preservation by |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | (A) A GLT-1 immunofluorescence photomicrographs show the ventral horn region of lumbar spinal |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | (upon upon termination of the 30-day intrathecal infusions stained for GLT-1 (40, 40 400_amp_#xd7 and for SMI-32 (right, right 400_amp_#xd7 |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | Note the strong GLT-1 labeling surrounding MNs and throughout ventral horn MN clusters in |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | show clusters of ventral horn motor neurons with strong astrocytic GLT-1 labeling arrowhead shows persistent strong GLT-1 labeling in dorsal horn |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | neurons with strong astrocytic GLT-1 labeling arrowhead shows persistent strong GLT-1 labeling in dorsal horn of untreated transgenic animals |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | (B) B Quantification of labeling graph shown quantification of GLT-1 labeling in 5-_amp_#x3bc m zones surrounding each MN (compiled compiled |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | in wild type animals immunoreactivity for the astrocytic glutamate transporter glt 1 was particularly strong around ventral horn mns. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | however a marked loss of ventral horn glt 1 was observed along with substantial mn damage prior to onset of symptoms 90_amp_#x2013;100_amp_#xa0;days in the g93a rats. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | compared to sham treated g93a animals 30 day nas infusions starting at 67 _amp_#xb1; 2_amp_#xa0;days of age markedly diminished the loss of both mns and of astrocytic glt 1 labeling. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | although the cause of most cases is unknown observations of deficiencies in glutamate uptake resulting from a selective loss of the astrocytic glutamate transporter glt 1 suggested an excitotoxic contribution [rothstein et al. 1992] and [rothstein et al. 1995] . |
| 4571 | GRIA1 | glutamate receptor, ionotropic, AMPA 1 | glutamate receptor | 1.0 | likely contributing to this vulnerability mns possess substantial numbers of unusual ca 2+ permeable ampa type glutamate receptor channels ca ampa channels [carriedo et al. 1995] [carriedo et al. 1996] [van den bosch et al. 2000] and [vandenberghe et al. 2000] . |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | superoxide dismutase | 1.0 | currently the best animal models of als are provided by rodents harboring mutant forms of the enzyme cu zn superoxide dismutase sod1 which are associated with familial als in humans. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | we find that this treatment slows not only mn loss in these animals but also slows the loss of glt 1 glutamate transporter in ventral horn regions near mns consistent with the idea that ca ampa channel activation on mns contributes to the loss of astrocytic glutamate transport. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | stains were carried out on floating sections blocked 10% fbs 1_amp_#xa0;h and exposed to primary antibody in 10% fbs 0.3% triton x 100 smi 32 1:8000 ip 1:2000 if sternberger monoclonals berkeley ca; glt 1 1:1000 chemicon temecula ca; 3 nitrotyrosine 10_amp_#xa0;_amp_#x3bc;g/ml upstate biotechnology waltham ma . |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | for examination of nt and glt 1 labeling staining in the neuropil surrounding ventral horn mns care was taken to ensure that all slices from each experiment were labeled using identical primary and secondary antibody exposures and |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | for glt 1 fluorescence was measured in 5 _amp_#x3bc;m zones surrounding the mns. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | for this measure non specific background fluorescence from the center of a neuron a region lacking specific glt 1 labeling was subtracted prior to normalization of values to wt as above. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | antibodies were from the following sources: smi 32 sternberger monoclonals berkeley ca; glt 1 chemicon temecula ca; 3 nitrotyrosine upstate biotechnology waltham ma. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | itrotyrosine labeling and loss of astrocytic glutamate transport in sod1 mutant rodent models of als [alexander et al. 2000] [ferrante et al. 1997] and [tu et al. 1996] and a specific decrease of the glt 1 glutamate transporter has been reported in ventral horn of the g93a rats that are the subject of this study howland et al. 2002 . |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | finally there was a marked and consistent decrease in glt 1 staining most prominent in ventral horn. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | notably in wild type animals glt 1 labeling often showed a rim of particularly strong labeling immediately surrounding mn somata whereas even in the presymptomatic animals this rim was often conspicuously absent fig 2 c . |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | quantification of glt 1 labeling in the neuropil surrounding mns revealed a sharp decrease in glt 1 labeling surrounding mns in sham treated transgenic animals tg s . |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | however in contrast to the paucity of effect of nas on nt labeling nas completely prevented the loss of glt 1 labeling fig 4 . |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | in agreement with prior studies of these animals howland et al. 2002 we observe substantial loss of the glt 1 glutamate transporter most evident in the ventral horn in close proximity to mns in late presymptomatic animals 97_amp_#xa0;days shortly before an acceleration in the rate of mn death with developmen |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | the primary new findings of present studies are that animals treated with the ca ampa channel blocker nas demonstrate a marked preservation not only of ventral horn mns but also of glt 1 labeling near ventral horn mns. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | s generators in response to ca ampa channel activation taken together with present observations of strong oxidative damage in the vicinity of mns and protection by nas of mns themselves as well as of glt 1 levels in the adjacent astrocytes is most consistent with the primary relevant effect of nas being mn ca ampa channel blockade. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | indeed observations that substantial loss of glt 1 preceded much of the mn loss howland et al. 2002 and that increasing the level of this transporter slows disease onset guo et al. 2003 whereas decreasing its levels accelerates disease in g93a transg |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | glial fibrillary acidic protein | 1.0 | lumbar spinal cord sections were obtained from 97 _amp_#xb1; 2 day old wild type and g93a transgenic rats and stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein gfap green and smi 32 red a 3 nitrotyrosine b or the astrocytic glutamate transporter glt 1 green along with smi 32 red c . |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | d from 97 _amp_#xb1; 2 day old wild type and g93a transgenic rats and stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein gfap green and smi 32 red a 3 nitrotyrosine b or the astrocytic glutamate transporter glt 1 green along with smi 32 red c . |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | finally note the rim of strong glt 1 labeling surrounding mns in wild type animals and the distinct loss of labeling surrounding mns in the transgenics. |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | glial fibrillary acidic protein | 1.0 | a photomicrographs show the ventral horn region of lumbar spinal cord sections derived from 97 _amp_#xb1; 2 day old rats upon termination of the 30 day intrathecal infusions stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein gfap; 400_amp_#xd7; or for 3 nitrotyrosine nt; 400_amp_#xd7; inserts 40_amp_#xd7; . |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | fig. 4._amp_#xa0;loss of glt 1 in ventral horn astrocytes of g93a rats and preservation by nas. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | a glt 1 immunofluorescence: photomicrographs show the ventral horn region of lumbar spinal cord sections derived from 97 _amp_#xb1; 2 day old rats upon termination of the 30 day intrathecal infusions stained |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | nofluorescence: photomicrographs show the ventral horn region of lumbar spinal cord sections derived from 97 _amp_#xb1; 2 day old rats upon termination of the 30 day intrathecal infusions stained for glt 1 40 400_amp_#xd7; and for smi 32 right 400_amp_#xd7; . |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | note the strong glt 1 labeling surrounding mns and throughout ventral horn mn clusters in wild type wt animals in contrast to the preferential loss of ventral horn labeling with preservation of dorsal horn labeling in tra |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | arrows show clusters of ventral horn motor neurons with strong astrocytic glt 1 labeling; arrowhead shows persistent strong glt 1 labeling in dorsal horn of untreated transgenic animals. |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | b quantification of labeling: graph shown quantification of glt 1 labeling in 5 _amp_#x3bc;m zones surrounding each mn compiled from 4 independent experiments _amp_#x3e; 100 surround regions for wt tg s and tg nas conditions; 3 animals _amp_#x3e; 60 regions for tg |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | excitatory amino acid transporter 2 | 1.0 | excitatory amino acid antagonists|excitatory amino acid transporter 2|glial fibrillary acidic protein|1 naphthylacetylspermine|spermine|sod1 g93a protein|superoxide dismutase| |