)| PMID |
15031734 ( ) |
|---|---|
| Title | Neurodegenerative diseases and oxidative stress. |
| Abstract | Oxidative stress has been implicated in the progression of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Oxygen is vital for life but is also potentially dangerous, and a complex system of checks and balances exists for utilizing this essential element. Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance in pro-oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis that leads to the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species. The systems in place to cope with the biochemistry of oxygen are complex, and many questions about the mechanisms of oxygen regulation remain unanswered. However, this same complexity provides a number of therapeutic targets, and different strategies, including novel metal-protein attenuating compounds, aimed at a variety of targets have shown promise in clinical studies. Research Institute of Victoria, Victoria 3010, Australia. |
NOTE: Color highlight is limited to the abstract and SciMiner text-mining mode. If you see much more identified targets below from "Targets by SciMiner Summary" and "Targets by SciMiner Full list", they may have been identified from the full text.
Targets by SciMiner Summary
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Target Name | #Occur | ActualStr |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | 26 | SOD1 | SOD | superoxide dismutase | |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | 15 | alpha synuclein | |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | 10 | APP | amyloid | |
| 132 | ACTB | actin, beta | 4 | beta actin | beta-actin | |
| 1516 | CAT | catalase | 3 | catalase | |
| 12805 | XDH | xanthine dehydrogenase | 3 | xanthine oxidase | xanthine dehydrogenase | |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | 2 | nitric oxide synthase | |
| 6871 | MAPK1 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | 2 | mitogen activated protein kinase 1 | |
| 6204 | JUN | jun oncogene | 2 | c jun | c-Jun | |
| 1991 | CKB | creatine kinase, brain | 2 | creatine kinase | |
| 1613 | CCS | copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase | 2 | CCS | |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | 2 | GLT-1 | glt 1 | |
| 3951 | FXN | frataxin | 2 | frataxin | |
| 11007 | SLC2A3 | solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 3 | 2 | glucose transporter type 3 | |
| 4623 | GSR | glutathione reductase | 2 | glutathione reductase | |
| 7212 | MPHOSPH1 | M-phase phosphoprotein 1 | 1 | mpp 1 | |
| 727 | ARTN | artemin | 1 | neurotrophic factor | |
| 9752 | QDPR | quinoid dihydropteridine reductase | 1 | dihydropteridine reductase | |
| 11049 | SLC6A3 | solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, dopamine), member 3 | 1 | dopamine transporter | |
| 11782 | TH | tyrosine hydroxylase | 1 | tyrosine hydroxylase | |
| 6876 | MAPK14 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 | 1 | p38 | |
| 17128 | SLC39A3 | solute carrier family 39 (zinc transporter), member 3 | 1 | zinc transporter | |
| 1033 | BDNF | brain-derived neurotrophic factor | 1 | brain derived neurotrophic factor | |
Targets by SciMiner Full list
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Name | ActualStr | Score | FlankingText |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 132 | ACTB | actin, beta | beta-actin | 0.3 | significant protein carbonylation (for for example of creatine kinase and beta-actin 2 and nitration is observed in AD brains whereas increased |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | the activity of the antioxidant proteins catalase superoxide dismutase ( SOD glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase are increased in the HIPPOCAMPUS |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | GLT-1 | 1.0 | inhibition of the neuronal glucose transporter type-3 the glutamate transporter GLT-1 (Ref Ref 13 as well as the Na K ATPases |
| 6204 | JUN | jun oncogene | c-Jun | 1.3 | HNE activates c-Jun aminoterminal kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (also also known as |
| 6876 | MAPK14 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 14 | p38 | 1.2 | aminoterminal kinases and mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (also also known as p38 thereby stimulating an apoptotic cascade 15 |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.9 | neurodegenerative disorders (A A beta in AD alpha-synuclein in PD SOD1 in ALS frataxin in Friedreich's ataxia ( Box 1 and |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.0 | peptide (A A beta that is cleaved from the membrane-bound amyloid precursor protein (APP) APP 33 34 35 |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | APP | 0.3 | that is cleaved from the membrane-bound amyloid precursor protein (APP) APP 33 34 35 |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | APP | 0.3 | Although the function of APP is unknown recent evidence suggests it functions in maintaining copper |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.0 | Recent results have highlighted the importance of Zn 2 in amyloid plaque formation for example age- and female-sex-related plaque formation in |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.0 | neurotransmission high concentrations of Zn (300 300 beta precipitation into amyloid commences in the synapse 36 41 |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.0 | Notably the Fe that is found within the amyloid deposits of human brain and in amyloid-bearing APP transgenic mice |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | APP | 0.3 | within the amyloid deposits of human brain and in amyloid-bearing APP transgenic mice is redox-active 38 48 |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.9 | with the resulting coordination sphere reminiscent of that observed in SOD1 ( Fig 2 |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.0 | how zinc originating from the synapse becomes so enriched in amyloid in AD |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.0 | The Zn 2 in the amyloid mass partially quenches H 2 O 2 production which explains |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.0 | quenches H 2 O 2 production which explains why plaque amyloid burden correlates poorly with clinical dementia 54 whereas soluble A |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | protein in neural tissue in this instance copper/zinc copper zinc SOD 89 |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | There are more than 100 mutations of SOD associated with the familial forms of the disease |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | these mutations lead to a toxic gain of function by SOD 90 |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | that the toxicity is due to misfolded aggregated forms of SOD whereas the other proposes that SOD becomes a pro-oxidant protein |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | misfolded aggregated forms of SOD whereas the other proposes that SOD becomes a pro-oxidant protein generating ROS |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | Mutations of SOD a cupro-enzyme that detoxifies the ROS superoxide can convert the |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | These initial observations suggested that the toxicity associated with mutant SOD is the result of a corruption of the active site |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | However if the copper at the active site of SOD is the culprit behind the toxicity then knocking out the |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | is the culprit behind the toxicity then knocking out the SOD copper chaperone (CCS), CCS which loads copper into the active |
| 1613 | CCS | copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase | CCS | 0.9 | the toxicity then knocking out the SOD copper chaperone (CCS), CCS which loads copper into the active site should abolish the |
| 1613 | CCS | copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase | CCS | 0.9 | To test this hypothesis Subramaniam 97 crossed CCS knockout mice with an SOD mutant ALS mouse model the |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | this hypothesis Subramaniam 97 crossed CCS knockout mice with an SOD mutant ALS mouse model the phenotype of this cross showed |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | ALS mouse model the phenotype of this cross showed reduced SOD activity which is consistent with a low copper load in |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | the possibility that other redox-active lower-affinity metal-binding sites exist on SOD |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | 98 and in vitro studies 99 with an H46R mutant SOD linked to familial ALS and which has no SOD activity |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | mutant SOD linked to familial ALS and which has no SOD activity have shown that a surface-exposed cysteine residue in SOD |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | SOD activity have shown that a surface-exposed cysteine residue in SOD is also capable of coordinating copper and is redox active |
| 132 | ACTB | actin, beta | beta-actin | 0.3 | beta-actin catalase creatine kinase frataxin glucose transporter type-3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | glucose transporter type-3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 SOD alpha-synuclein xanthine dehydrogenase |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | A beta amyloid-beta ROS reactive oxygen species SOD superoxide dismutase |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | The normal function of superoxide dismutase (SOD) SOD is to convert toxic superoxide radicals into H 2 O |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD | 2.2 | With age-dependent increases in copper levels low-affinity copper sites on SOD such as Cys111 are occupied these sites are redox active |
| 132 | ACTB | actin, beta | beta actin | 1.0 | all four bases of dna are susceptible to oxidative damage involving hydroxylation 7 and significant protein carbonylation for example of creatine kinase and beta actin 2 and nitration is observed in ad brains whereas increased levels of 8 hydroxyguanine and 8 hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine are observed in pd brains; the selective attack on guanine bases implies oh radica |
| 1991 | CKB | creatine kinase, brain | creatine kinase | 1.0 | all four bases of dna are susceptible to oxidative damage involving hydroxylation 7 and significant protein carbonylation for example of creatine kinase and beta actin 2 and nitration is observed in ad brains whereas increased levels of 8 hydroxyguanine and 8 hydroxy 2 deoxyguanosine are observed in pd brains; the selective attack on guanine bases im |
| 4623 | GSR | glutathione reductase | glutathione reductase | 1.0 | in the ad brain the activity of the antioxidant proteins catalase superoxide dismutase sod glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase are increased in the hippocampus and amygdala 9 10 . |
| 1516 | CAT | catalase | catalase | 1.0 | in the ad brain the activity of the antioxidant proteins catalase superoxide dismutase sod glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase are increased in the hippocampus and amygdala 9 10 . |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | superoxide dismutase | 1.0 | in the ad brain the activity of the antioxidant proteins catalase superoxide dismutase sod glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase are increased in the hippocampus and amygdala 9 10 . |
| 10940 | SLC1A2 | solute carrier family 1 (glial high affinity glutamate transporter), member 2 | glt 1 | 1.0 | glutamate and glucose from cell culture 12 whereas hne modifies proteins resulting in a multitude of effects including inhibition of the neuronal glucose transporter type 3 the glutamate transporter glt 1 ref 13 as well as the na + +k + atpases 14 . |
| 11007 | SLC2A3 | solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 3 | glucose transporter type 3 | 1.0 | acrolein downregulates the uptake of glutamate and glucose from cell culture 12 whereas hne modifies proteins resulting in a multitude of effects including inhibition of the neuronal glucose transporter type 3 the glutamate transporter glt 1 ref 13 as well as the na + +k + atpases 14 . |
| 6871 | MAPK1 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | mitogen activated protein kinase 1 | 1.0 | hne activates c jun aminoterminal kinases and mitogen activated protein kinase 1 also known as p38 thereby stimulating an apoptotic cascade 15 . |
| 6204 | JUN | jun oncogene | c jun | 1.0 | hne activates c jun aminoterminal kinases and mitogen activated protein kinase 1 also known as p38 thereby stimulating an apoptotic cascade 15 . |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | superoxide dismutase | 1.0 | modifications to proteins result in the impairment of enzymes for example glutamine synthase superoxide dismutase whereas ros interactions with dna lead to mutations. |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | nitric oxide synthase | 1.0 | n redox active metals and oxygen species via reactions such as the fenton and haber weiss reactions or via indirect pathways involving the calcium activation of metallo enzymes such as phospholipases nitric oxide synthase and xanthine dehydrogenase also known as xanthine oxidase 22 . |
| 12805 | XDH | xanthine dehydrogenase | xanthine dehydrogenase | 1.0 | oxygen species via reactions such as the fenton and haber weiss reactions or via indirect pathways involving the calcium activation of metallo enzymes such as phospholipases nitric oxide synthase and xanthine dehydrogenase also known as xanthine oxidase 22 . |
| 12805 | XDH | xanthine dehydrogenase | xanthine oxidase | 1.0 | the fenton and haber weiss reactions or via indirect pathways involving the calcium activation of metallo enzymes such as phospholipases nitric oxide synthase and xanthine dehydrogenase also known as xanthine oxidase 22 . |
| 3951 | FXN | frataxin | frataxin | 1.0 | we have proposed that the proteins implicated in several age dependent neurodegenerative disorders a beta in ad alpha synuclein in pd sod1 in als frataxin in friedreich's ataxia box 1 and alpha b crystallin in cataracts might abnormally present cu 2+ or fe 3+ ligands for inappropriate reaction with o 2 fig 1 . |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | we have proposed that the proteins implicated in several age dependent neurodegenerative disorders a beta in ad alpha synuclein in pd sod1 in als frataxin in friedreich's ataxia box 1 and alpha b crystallin in cataracts might abnormally present cu 2+ or fe 3+ ligands for inappropriate reaction with o 2 fig 1 . |
| 17128 | SLC39A3 | solute carrier family 39 (zinc transporter), member 3 | zinc transporter | 1.0 | results have highlighted the importance of zn 2+ in amyloid plaque formation; for example age and female sex related plaque formation in tg2576 transgenic mice was reduced by genetic ablation of the zinc transporter 3 protein which is required for zinc transport into synaptic vesicles 36 . |
| 1516 | CAT | catalase | catalase | 1.0 | synthetic a beta is toxic to cells in the presence of cu 2+ but this toxicity is inhibited by extracellular catalase which implicates h 2 o 2 in the toxic pathway 50 51 . |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | the principal protein component of these deposits is alpha synuclein 65 which is ubiquitously expressed in the brain; mutations of alpha synuclein a30p and a53t contribute to familial forms of the disease 66 . |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | a diverse array of evidence is emerging that alpha synuclein has a role in modulating the activity of dopamine. |
| 9752 | QDPR | quinoid dihydropteridine reductase | dihydropteridine reductase | 1.0 | the mutations in alpha synuclein have been shown to alter the expression of dihydropteridine reductase which indirectly regulates the synthesis of dopamine 79 . |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | the mutations in alpha synuclein have been shown to alter the expression of dihydropteridine reductase which indirectly regulates the synthesis of dopamine 79 . |
| 11782 | TH | tyrosine hydroxylase | tyrosine hydroxylase | 1.0 | synuclein forms stable complexes with the human dopamine transporter thereby inhibiting uptake of dopamine by its transporter 80 and that alpha synuclein can regulate dopamine synthesis by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase 81 . |
| 11049 | SLC6A3 | solute carrier family 6 (neurotransmitter transporter, dopamine), member 3 | dopamine transporter | 1.0 | co immunoprecipitation experiments have shown that alpha synuclein forms stable complexes with the human dopamine transporter thereby inhibiting uptake of dopamine by its transporter 80 and that alpha synuclein can regulate dopamine synthesis by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase 81 . |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | co immunoprecipitation experiments have shown that alpha synuclein forms stable complexes with the human dopamine transporter thereby inhibiting uptake of dopamine by its transporter 80 and that alpha synuclein can regulate dopamine synthesis by inhibiting tyrosine hydroxylase 81 . |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | the link between alpha synuclein and redox chemistry associated with iron bound dopamine/neuromelanin has been given further credence by a study showing that initiation of lewy body formation coincides with alpha synuclein depositio |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | and redox chemistry associated with iron bound dopamine/neuromelanin has been given further credence by a study showing that initiation of lewy body formation coincides with alpha synuclein deposition exclusively within lipofuscin and neuromelanin deposits 82 ; in addition alpha synuclein crosslinked to neuromelanin has been reported 83 . |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | deposition exclusively within lipofuscin and neuromelanin deposits 82 ; in addition alpha synuclein crosslinked to neuromelanin has been reported 83 . |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | the breakdown in alpha synuclein modulated dopamine homeostasis is consistent with the recent observation that the pathogenicity of mutant alpha synuclein is dopamine dependent 84 . |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | in addition to the regulation of dopamine by alpha synuclein studies have shown a direct interaction of alpha synuclein with metal ions leading to protein aggregation 85 86 87 . |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | methionine oxidation inhibits alpha synuclein aggregation; however in the presence of certain metal ions aggregation and fibrillization of alpha synuclein still occurs 88 which highlights a potential role of metals and oxidative stress in the deposition of alpha synuclein. |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | still occurs 88 which highlights a potential role of metals and oxidative stress in the deposition of alpha synuclein. |
| 727 | ARTN | artemin | neurotrophic factor | 1.0 | are continuing with regard to the design of small molecule stimulators of endogenous neurotrophins an alternative approach to increasing endogenous neurotrophins _amp_#8212; for example brain derived neurotrophic factor which is known to enhance learning and memory and also protect against oxidative stress _amp_#8212; is caloric restriction. |
| 1033 | BDNF | brain-derived neurotrophic factor | brain derived neurotrophic factor | 1.0 | hough efforts are continuing with regard to the design of small molecule stimulators of endogenous neurotrophins an alternative approach to increasing endogenous neurotrophins _amp_#8212; for example brain derived neurotrophic factor which is known to enhance learning and memory and also protect against oxidative stress _amp_#8212; is caloric restriction. |
| 6871 | MAPK1 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | mitogen activated protein kinase 1 | 1.0 | beta actin catalase creatine kinase frataxin glucose transporter type 3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase mitogen activated protein kinase 1 sod alpha synuclein xanthine dehydrogenase |
| 3951 | FXN | frataxin | frataxin | 1.0 | beta actin catalase creatine kinase frataxin glucose transporter type 3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase mitogen activated protein kinase 1 sod alpha synuclein xanthine dehydrogenase |
| 132 | ACTB | actin, beta | beta actin | 1.0 | beta actin catalase creatine kinase frataxin glucose transporter type 3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase mitogen activated protein kinase 1 sod alpha synuclein xanthine dehydrogenase |
| 1991 | CKB | creatine kinase, brain | creatine kinase | 1.0 | beta actin catalase creatine kinase frataxin glucose transporter type 3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase mitogen activated protein kinase 1 sod alpha synuclein xanthine dehydrogenase |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | beta actin catalase creatine kinase frataxin glucose transporter type 3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase mitogen activated protein kinase 1 sod alpha synuclein xanthine dehydrogenase |
| 4623 | GSR | glutathione reductase | glutathione reductase | 1.0 | beta actin catalase creatine kinase frataxin glucose transporter type 3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase mitogen activated protein kinase 1 sod alpha synuclein xanthine dehydrogenase |
| 12805 | XDH | xanthine dehydrogenase | xanthine dehydrogenase | 1.0 | beta actin catalase creatine kinase frataxin glucose transporter type 3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase mitogen activated protein kinase 1 sod alpha synuclein xanthine dehydrogenase |
| 1516 | CAT | catalase | catalase | 1.0 | beta actin catalase creatine kinase frataxin glucose transporter type 3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase mitogen activated protein kinase 1 sod alpha synuclein xanthine dehydrogenase |
| 11007 | SLC2A3 | solute carrier family 2 (facilitated glucose transporter), member 3 | glucose transporter type 3 | 1.0 | beta actin catalase creatine kinase frataxin glucose transporter type 3 glutathione peroxidase glutathione reductase mitogen activated protein kinase 1 sod alpha synuclein xanthine dehydrogenase |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | nitric oxide synthase | 1.0 | alzheimer's disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis friedreich's ataxia huntington's disease nitric oxide synthase parkinson's disease stroke wilson's disease |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | superoxide dismutase | 1.0 | a beta amyloid beta; ros reactive oxygen species; sod superoxide dismutase. |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | the equilibrium between vesicle bound dopamine and cytoplasmic dopamine is regulated by alpha synuclein; mutations in this protein shift the dopamine equilibrium in favour of the cytoplasm. |
| 11138 | SNCA | synuclein, alpha (non A4 component of amyloid precursor) | alpha synuclein | 1.0 | in the presence of fe and under conditions of oxidative stress alpha synuclein will aggregate and form deposits. |
| 7212 | MPHOSPH1 | M-phase phosphoprotein 1 | mpp 1 | 1.0 | mpp 1 methyl 4 phenyl pyridine. |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | superoxide dismutase | 1.0 | the normal function of superoxide dismutase sod is to convert toxic superoxide radicals into h 2 o 2 that are subsequently inactivated by catalase. |