)| PMID |
17418957 ( ) |
|---|---|
| Title | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces changes in mitochondrial cellular distribution in motor neurons. |
| Abstract | Motor neuron (MN) mitochondrial abnormalities and elevation in spinal fluid levels of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The mechanism of neuron death in ALS remains unclear, along with the contributions of mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammation in the process. Cell cultures enriched for MN derived from embryonic rat spinal cords were established and directly exposed in vitro to recombinant TNF-alpha for varying lengths of time. Although cytokine exposure for up to 4 days failed to induce MN death, mitochondrial changes were observed shortly after initiating treatment. Our results demonstrate that TNF-alpha induced mitochondrial redistribution toward the soma in MN. We postulate that inflammation may precede, and in fact cause, the mitochondrial changes observed in ALS tissue. Center, One Medical Center Drive, Lebanon, NH 03756, and Department of Biology, Dartmouth College, Hanover 03755, USA. elijah.w.stommel@hitchcock.org |
NOTE: Color highlight is limited to the abstract and SciMiner text-mining mode. If you see much more identified targets below from "Targets by SciMiner Summary" and "Targets by SciMiner Full list", they may have been identified from the full text.
Targets by SciMiner Summary
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Target Name | #Occur | ActualStr |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | 68 | tumor necrosis factor alpha | TNF-A | |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | 7 | SOD1 | |
| 11916 | TNFRSF1A | tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A | 2 | p55 | |
| 6081 | INS | insulin | 1 | insulin | |
| 9461 | PRPH | peripherin | 1 | peripherin | |
| 2169 | CNTF | ciliary neurotrophic factor | 1 | CNTF | |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | 1 | iNOS | |
| 2770 | DES | desmin | 1 | intermediate filament protein | |
| 11740 | TF | transferrin | 1 | transferrin | |
| 11917 | TNFRSF1B | tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1B | 1 | p75 | |
| 4232 | GDNF | glial cell derived neurotrophic factor | 1 | GDNF | |
| 399 | ALB | albumin | 1 | serum albumin | |
| 6839 | MAP2 | microtubule-associated protein 2 | 1 | microtubule associated protein 2 | |
| 7808 | NGF | nerve growth factor (beta polypeptide) | 1 | NGF | |
Targets by SciMiner Full list
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Name | ActualStr | Score | FlankingText |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | fluid levels of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-_amp_#x3b1;) TNF-_amp_#x3b1 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | cords were established and directly exposed in vitro to recombinant TNF-_amp_#x3b1 for varying lengths of time |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Our results demonstrate that TNF-_amp_#x3b1 induced mitochondrial redistribution toward the soma in MN |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 0.5 | the onset of MN degeneration in mice expressing a mutant SOD1 ( Kong and Xu 1998 |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 0.5 | ultrastructural studies of anterior horn cells of ALS patients and SOD1 mouse model show accumulation of mitochondria in the axonal hillock |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Serum levels of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-_amp_#x3b1;) TNF-_amp_#x3b1 and its soluble receptors have been reported to be elevated |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | In the G93A-SOD1 mouse the TNF-_amp_#x3b1 receptor p55 is upregulated between pre-symptomatic and symptomatic stages of |
| 11916 | TNFRSF1A | tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A | p55 | 1.2 | In the G93A-SOD1 mouse the TNF-_amp_#x3b1 receptor p55 is upregulated between pre-symptomatic and symptomatic stages of disease suggesting |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | upregulated between pre-symptomatic and symptomatic stages of disease suggesting that TNF-_amp_#x3b1 and its receptors may be involved in MN degeneration ( |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | TNF-_amp_#x3b1 has been shown to cause or contribute to cell death |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Previous reports have demonstrated that stimulation of sensitive cells with TNF-_amp_#x3b1 induces abnormal perinuclear clustering of mitochondria from an evenly spread |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | trafficking of mitochondria in MN within neurites is altered by TNF-_amp_#x3b1 an observation that mimics the in vivo histological findings in |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Because of the reported elevation of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 and its receptors ( Poloni et al 2000 Hensley et |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | setting of ALS and the known positive effects of the TNF-_amp_#x3b1 blocker thalidomide on the progression of ALS in the SOD1 |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 0.5 | TNF-_amp_#x3b1 blocker thalidomide on the progression of ALS in the SOD1 mouse model ( Wong et al 2004 and Kiaei et |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | 2006 we initiated experiments to study the biological effects of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 on MN in vitro |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | survival axonal transport necrosis and apoptosis have well-documented responses to TNF-_amp_#x3b1 (both both related to apoptosis and cellular migration and have |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | vitro studies specifically to evaluate the responses of mitochondria to TNF-_amp_#x3b1 |
| 11917 | TNFRSF1B | tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1B | p75 | 1.2 | MNs by positive selection immuno-panning using antibody against the low-affinity p75 NGF receptor (192 192 antibody was a gift of the |
| 7808 | NGF | nerve growth factor (beta polypeptide) | NGF | 0.3 | by positive selection immuno-panning using antibody against the low-affinity p75 NGF receptor (192 192 antibody was a gift of the E |
| 4232 | GDNF | glial cell derived neurotrophic factor | GDNF | 0.9 | Invitrogen 10 ng/ml ng ml each of BDNF CNTF and GDNF (Peprotech, Peprotech Rocky Hill NJ USA 100 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml _amp_#x3bc g |
| 2169 | CNTF | ciliary neurotrophic factor | CNTF | 0.1 | B27 (Invitrogen), Invitrogen 10 ng/ml ng ml each of BDNF CNTF and GDNF (Peprotech, Peprotech Rocky Hill NJ USA 100 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | cultures were exposed to 0 or 20 ng/ml ng ml TNF-_amp_#x3b1 (R_amp_#x26;D R_amp_#x26 D Systems Minneapolis MN USA on days 3 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | was also evaluated with exposure to 100 ng/ml ng ml TNF-_amp_#x3b1 using TUNEL staining (DeadEndTM DeadEndTM Fluorometric TUNEL System Promega Madison |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Doses of 100 ng/ml ng ml or lower of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 were used in all experiments |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | washed three times with the medium cells were treated with TNF-_amp_#x3b1 at 20 ng/ml ng ml in growth medium |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | For the TNF-_amp_#x3b1 cultures and the same conditions 16 cells were counted from |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | were used to determine velocity of mitochondrial transport in both TNF-_amp_#x3b1 -treated and untreated cell populations |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | For the TNF-_amp_#x3b1 treated cells we looked at five cells from three different |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | There were more cells of sufficient clarity for the TNF-_amp_#x3b1 group |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | left fewer wells as controls and treated the rest with TNF-_amp_#x3b1 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | were determined from multiple experiments using 20 ng/ml ng ml TNF-_amp_#x3b1 between 6 and 20 h |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | MN survival and cellular distribution of mitochondria in response to TNF-_amp_#x3b1 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | in MN cultures exposed to 100 ng/ml ng ml of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 appeared similar to untreated cultures based on cell numbers and |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | of multiple neurites (untreated=23.2_amp_#xb1;2.1 untreated=23.2_amp_#xb1 2.1 neurons/mm neurons mm 2 TNF-_amp_#x3b1 =23.9_amp_#xb1 2.7 neurons/mm neurons mm 2 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells was observed after treatment with TNF-_amp_#x3b1 (18_amp_#xb1;4%) 18_amp_#xb1 4% for 2 days at concentrations of 100 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | TNF-_amp_#x3b1 alone was insufficient in inducing MN death in cultures |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | the somas of cells treated with 20 ng/ml ng ml TNF-_amp_#x3b1 ( Fig 2 B D as compared with controls ( |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | of mitochondrial movement in neurites of MN during exposure to TNF-_amp_#x3b1 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | and 0.671_amp_#xb1 0.115 _amp_#x3bc;m/s _amp_#x3bc m s for control and TNF-_amp_#x3b1 -treated respectively |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | and 0.704_amp_#xb1 0.117 _amp_#x3bc;m/s _amp_#x3bc m s for control and TNF-_amp_#x3b1 -treated respectively |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | No significant velocity changes were observed with TNF-_amp_#x3b1 treatment as assessed using Student t -test for two-sample comparisons |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | 1.5 2_amp_#x2013 4 and 6_amp_#x2013 8 h after treatment with TNF-_amp_#x3b1 to evaluate the time-frame that an increase in MT Green |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | the retrograde-moving was observed after 1.5 h of treatment with TNF-_amp_#x3b1 ( Fig 3 B |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | opposed to the exposure to 20 ng/ml ng ml of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 (stacktnf3.avi) stacktnf3.avi at 6 h |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Retrograde/anterograde Retrograde anterograde neuritic transport ratios in response to TNF-_amp_#x3b1 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | retrograde/anterograde retrograde anterograde mitochondrial movement increases in the presence of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 in vitro |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | In the presence of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 we observed an increase in the retrograde/anterograde retrograde anterograde ratio |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | a unipolar perinuclear cluster has been documented in response to TNF-_amp_#x3b1 in murine L929 cells ( De Vos et al. 1998 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Our observed effects with TNF-_amp_#x3b1 seem to be greatest at about 4 h and then |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | We are unable to say by what mechanism TNF-_amp_#x3b1 effects the localization and movement of mitochondria in MN |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | We did not see an effect of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 on the average or maximum velocity of anterograde or retrograde |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | the net mitochondrial transport toward the soma in response to TNF-_amp_#x3b1 appears to be related to an increased amount of retrograde |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | ratio of retrograde to anterograde movements the observed changes with TNF-_amp_#x3b1 treatment were significant |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Whether TNF-_amp_#x3b1 perturbs the ATP distribution in MNs is not known but |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | the ATP distribution in MNs is not known but if TNF-_amp_#x3b1 were able to decrease levels of ATP near the cell |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | TNF-_amp_#x3b1 has been shown to cause or contribute to cell death |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Previous studies have shown that TNF-_amp_#x3b1 mediates apoptosis in cultured MN and DRG neurons that over-express |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Recent studies have demonstrated that the TNF-_amp_#x3b1 blocker thalidomide is effective in increasing survival and delaying progression |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 0.5 | increasing survival and delaying progression of ALS phenotypes in the SOD1 G93A mouse model ( Wong et al 2004 and Kiaei |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Interestingly TNF-_amp_#x3b1 knockout mice are resistant to some forms of neurodegeneration as |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 0.5 | ( Sriram et al. 2002 yet generation of mice expressing SOD1 G37R or SOD1 G93A mutants in the context of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 0.5 | al. 2002 yet generation of mice expressing SOD1 G37R or SOD1 G93A mutants in the context of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 gene knockout did |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | SOD1 G37R or SOD1 G93A mutants in the context of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 gene knockout did not affect the lifespan or the extent |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 0.5 | affect the lifespan or the extent of MN loss in SOD1 transgenic mice ( Gowing et al. 2006 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | In the G93A-SOD1 mouse the TNF-_amp_#x3b1 receptor p55 is upregulated between presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of |
| 11916 | TNFRSF1A | tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, member 1A | p55 | 1.2 | In the G93A-SOD1 mouse the TNF-_amp_#x3b1 receptor p55 is upregulated between presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of disease suggesting |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | upregulated between presymptomatic and symptomatic stages of disease suggesting that TNF-_amp_#x3b1 and its receptors may connect inflammation to apoptosis in ALS |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | in isolated MNs was affected on the order of hours TNF-_amp_#x3b1 exposure for several days failed to increase the number of |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | The role of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 appears to often require the synergism of other cytokines |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | There is a 20-fold increase in the amount of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 required to kill NSC-34 cells in the absence of LPS-activated |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | indicating that microglia secrete a factor(s) factor s that facilitate TNF-_amp_#x3b1 mediated MN death in vitro ( He et al. 2002 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | Our data suggest that TNF-_amp_#x3b1 alone is not sufficient to cause apoptosis in our isolated |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | of mitochondria closer to the cell body in response to TNF-_amp_#x3b1 could predispose cells to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | shown effects on neuritic transport of mitochondria with the cytokine TNF-_amp_#x3b1 |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | The observed redistribution of mitochondria in response to TNF-_amp_#x3b1 is similar to that observed in the MN of ALS |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | disease which has been shown to have elevated levels of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 in the spinal cord and serum |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | necrosis which may require the presence of glial cells for TNF-_amp_#x3b1 to be effective |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | iNOS | 1.0 | also plan to evaluate apoptosis and necrosis as well as iNOS production in response to a variety of cytokines |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | tumor necrosis factor alpha | 1.0 | motor neuron mn mitochondrial abnormalities and elevation in spinal fluid levels of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha tnf _amp_#x3b1; have been implicated in the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis als . |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | tumor necrosis factor alpha | 1.0 | serum levels of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha tnf _amp_#x3b1; and its soluble receptors have been reported to be elevated in als patients as compared with healthy controls poloni et al 2000 and strong 2003 . |
| 6081 | INS | insulin | insulin | 1.0 | vitrogen 10 ng/ml each of bdnf cntf and gdnf peprotech rocky hill nj usa 100 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml transferrin 60 ng/ml progesterone 16 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml putrescine 40 ng/ml sodium selenite 5 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml insulin 1 mm sodium pyruvate 2 mm l glutamine 40 ng/ml triiodo thyronine 1 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml laminin 2.2 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml isobutylmethylxanthine 417 ng/ml forskolin 5 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml n acetyl cysteine 100 u/ml |
| 11740 | TF | transferrin | transferrin | 1.0 | neurobasal base media invitrogen carlsbad ca usa was supplemented with b27 invitrogen 10 ng/ml each of bdnf cntf and gdnf peprotech rocky hill nj usa 100 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml transferrin 60 ng/ml progesterone 16 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml putrescine 40 ng/ml sodium selenite 5 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml insulin 1 mm sodium pyruvate 2 mm l glutamine 40 ng/ml triiodo thyronine 1 _amp_#x3bc;g/ml laminin 2.2 _ |
| 399 | ALB | albumin | serum albumin | 1.0 | triton x 100 0.1% bovine serum albumin 1% and normal goat serum 1% were used to permeate the cells and limit non specific binding. |
| 6839 | MAP2 | microtubule-associated protein 2 | microtubule associated protein 2 | 1.0 | although this characteristic itself is not reliable confirmation of this distinction can be made with immunohistochemical staining where at certain stages of development microtubule associated protein 2 is exclusively located in the somatodendritic domain matus et al. 1986 and the dephosphorylated form of tau 1 is exclusively found in the axons mandell and banker 1996 . |
| 2770 | DES | desmin | intermediate filament protein | 1.0 | previous studies have shown that tnf _amp_#x3b1; mediates apoptosis in cultured mn and drg neurons that over express the intermediate filament protein peripherin that associates with axonal spheroid inclusions in degenerating mn of als patients robertson et al. 2001 . |
| 9461 | PRPH | peripherin | peripherin | 1.0 | previous studies have shown that tnf _amp_#x3b1; mediates apoptosis in cultured mn and drg neurons that over express the intermediate filament protein peripherin that associates with axonal spheroid inclusions in degenerating mn of als patients robertson et al. 2001 . |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | tumor necrosis factor alpha | 1.0 | tumor necrosis factor alpha| |