)| PMID |
17191135 ( ) |
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| Title | Redox regulation of cellular stress response in aging and neurodegenerative disorders: role of vitagenes. |
| Abstract | Reduced expression and/or activity of antioxidant proteins lead to oxidative stress, accelerated aging and neurodegeneration. However, while excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) are toxic, regulated ROS play an important role in cell signaling. Perturbation of redox status, mutations favoring protein misfolding, altered glyc(osyl)ation, overloading of the product of polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation (hydroxynonenals, HNE) or cholesterol oxidation, can disrupt redox homeostasis. Collectively or individually these effects may impose stress and lead to accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in brain cells. Alzheimer's (AD), Parkinson's and Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Friedreich's ataxia are major neurological disorders associated with production of abnormally aggregated proteins and, as such, belong to the so-called "protein conformational diseases". The pathogenic aggregation of proteins in non-native conformation is generally associated with metabolic derangements and excessive production of ROS. The "unfolded protein response" has evolved to prevent accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins. Recent discoveries of the mechanisms of cellular stress signaling have led to new insights into the diverse processes that are regulated by cellular stress responses. The brain detects and overcomes oxidative stress by a complex network of "longevity assurance processes" integrated to the expression of genes termed vitagenes. Heat-shock proteins are highly conserved and facilitate correct protein folding. Heme oxygenase-1, an inducible and redox-regulated enzyme, has having an important role in cellular antioxidant defense. An emerging concept is neuroprotection afforded by heme oxygenase by its heme degrading activity and tissue-specific antioxidant effects, due to its products carbon monoxide and biliverdin, which is then reduced by biliverdin reductase in bilirubin. There is increasing interest in dietary compounds that can inhibit, retard or reverse the steps leading to neurodegeneration in AD. Specifically any dietary components that inhibit inappropriate inflammation, AbetaP oligomerization and consequent increased apoptosis are of particular interest, with respect to a chronic inflammatory response, brain injury and beta-amyloid associated pathology. Curcumin and ferulic acid, the first from the curry spice turmeric and the second a major constituent of fruit and vegetables, are candidates in this regard. Not only do these compounds serve as antioxidants but, in addition, they are strong inducers of the heat-shock response. Food supplementation with curcumin and ferulic acid are therefore being considered as a novel nutritional approach to reduce oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in AD. We review here some of the emerging concepts of pathways to neurodegeneration and how these may be overcome by a nutritional approach. Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Viale Andrea Doria 6, 95100, Catania, Italy. calabres@mbox.unict.it |
NOTE: Color highlight is limited to the abstract and SciMiner text-mining mode. If you see much more identified targets below from "Targets by SciMiner Summary" and "Targets by SciMiner Full list", they may have been identified from the full text.
Targets by SciMiner Summary
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Target Name | #Occur | ActualStr |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | 99 | HO-1 | heme oxygenase 1 | ho 1 | |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | 55 | TRX | thioredoxin | Trx1 | Trx | Trx-1 | |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | 46 | Hsp | hsp70 | Hsp70 | hsp72 | Hsp72 | |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | 18 | ho 2 | HO-2 | |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | 15 | NF-E2 | Nrf2 | nf e2 | Nrf-2 | |
| 6893 | MAPT | microtubule-associated protein tau | 9 | tau protein | |
| 17772 | TXN2 | thioredoxin 2 | 9 | Trx2 | Trx-2 | |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | 8 | APP | amyloid | |
| 1062 | BLVRA | biliverdin reductase A | 8 | BVR | |
| 3796 | FOS | v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog | 6 | ap 1 | Fos | activator protein 1 | |
| 11427 | STUB1 | STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 | 6 | CHIP | |
| 5261 | HSPD1 | heat shock 60kDa protein 1 (chaperonin) | 6 | Hsp60 | chaperonin | |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | 5 | NOS | iNOS | nitric oxide synthase | iNOS-derived | |
| 20473 | BRIP1 | BRCA1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 | 5 | Bach1 | |
| 11180 | SOD2 | superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial | 4 | mn sod | Mn-SOD | |
| 6776 | MAF | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog (avian) | 4 | Maf | |
| 7794 | NFKB1 | nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105) | 3 | NF-kB | NFkB | |
| 16753 | PRDX6 | peroxiredoxin 6 | 3 | Prx | |
| 6204 | JUN | jun oncogene | 3 | AP-1 | |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | 3 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase | |
| 4817 | HARS2 | histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative) | 3 | HO-3 | |
| 23177 | KEAP1 | kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 | 2 | Keap1 | |
| 5247 | HSPB2 | heat shock 27kDa protein 2 | 2 | Hsp27 | |
| 10417 | RPS27A | ribosomal protein S27a | 2 | ubiquitin | |
| 5241 | HSPA8 | heat shock 70kDa protein 8 | 2 | Hsc70 | |
| 6871 | MAPK1 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | 2 | ERKs | |
| 6782 | MAFK | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog K (avian) | 2 | nuclear factor erythroid 2 | MafK | |
| 10451 | RRM1 | ribonucleotide reductase M1 | 2 | ribonucleotide reductase | |
| 11742 | TFAP2A | transcription factor AP-2 alpha (activating enhancer binding protein 2 alpha) | 2 | AP-2 | ap 2 | |
| 7545 | MYB | v-myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (avian) | 2 | Myb | |
| 25806 | GSTCD | glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain containing | 2 | glutathione s transferase | |
| 7808 | NGF | nerve growth factor (beta polypeptide) | 2 | NGF | |
| 10963 | SLC22A1 | solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1 | 1 | Oct-1 | |
| 80 | ABP1 | amiloride binding protein 1 (amine oxidase (copper-containing)) | 1 | ABP | |
| 2355 | CRH | corticotropin releasing hormone | 1 | CRH | |
| 19374 | NKRF | NFKB repressing factor | 1 | transcription factor nrf | |
| 25888 | KLHL22 | kelch-like 22 (Drosophila) | 1 | kelch like | |
| 841 | ATP5G1 | ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) | 1 | atp synthase lipid binding protein | |
| 6781 | MAFG | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G (avian) | 1 | MafG | |
| 14078 | BACH2 | BTB and CNC homology 1, basic leucine zipper transcription factor 2 | 1 | Bach-2 | |
| 3951 | FXN | frataxin | 1 | FRDA | |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | 1 | ACTH | |
| 5253 | HSP90AA1 | heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 1 | 1 | Hsp90 | |
| 5269 | HSPE1 | heat shock 10kDa protein 1 (chaperonin 10) | 1 | Hsp10 | |
| 1546 | SERPINH1 | serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade H (heat shock protein 47), member 1, (collagen binding protein 1) | 1 | Hsp47 | |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | 1 | glial fibrillary acidic protein | |
| 14133 | SEPX1 | selenoprotein X, 1 | 1 | methionine sulfoxide reductase | |
| 727 | ARTN | artemin | 1 | neurotrophic factor | |
| 1516 | CAT | catalase | 1 | CAT | |
| 1317 | C2orf3 | chromosome 2 open reading frame 3 | 1 | GCF | |
| 2345 | CREB1 | cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 | 1 | CREB | |
| 4646 | GTF2A1 | general transcription factor IIA, 1, 19/37kDa | 1 | glucose regulated protein | |
| 11998 | TP53 | tumor protein p53 | 1 | p53 | |
| 9352 | PRDX1 | peroxiredoxin 1 | 1 | Prx-1 | |
| 6780 | MAFF | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog F (avian) | 1 | MafF | |
| 5438 | IFNG | interferon, gamma | 1 | IFN-G | |
| 3493 | ETV4 | ets variant gene 4 (E1A enhancer binding protein, E1AF) | 1 | PEA-3 | |
| 5244 | HSPA9 | heat shock 70kDa protein 9 (mortalin) | 1 | GRP75 | |
| 16400 | NLRP3 | NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 | 1 | AVP | |
| 11205 | SP1 | Sp1 transcription factor | 1 | SP1 | |
Targets by SciMiner Full list
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Name | ActualStr | Score | FlankingText |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 80 | ABP1 | amiloride binding protein 1 (amine oxidase (copper-containing)) | ABP | 0.3 | Specifically any dietary components that inhibit inappropriate inflammation ABP oligomerization and consequent increased apoptosis are of particular interest with |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.3 | as a novel nutritional approach to reduce oxidative damage and amyloid pathology in AD |
| 3951 | FXN | frataxin | FRDA | 1.5 | amyotrophic lateral scelrosis (ALS) ALS and Friedreich_amp_#8217 s ataxia (FRDA) FRDA belong to the so-called _amp_#8220 protein conformational diseases_amp_#8221 4 |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), HO-1 also referred to as Hsp32 belongs to the Hsps family |
| 1062 | BLVRA | biliverdin reductase A | BVR | 0.9 | This latter is then reduced by biliverdin reductase (BVR) BVR into bilirubin (BR), BR a linear tetrapyrrole with antioxidant properties |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | 1 ( A Cellular stress response and the interplay between HO-1 and TRXr |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp | 1.9 | Hsp response is also involved in cellular homeostasis during various physiological |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | activation (via via acetylation of the redox sensitive transcription factor Nrf2 and its consequent binding to the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | antioxidant responsive element (ARE) ARE in the HO gene up-regulates HO-1 and TRXr thus counteracting nitrosative stress and NO-mediated neurotoxicity |
| 14078 | BACH2 | BTB and CNC homology 1, basic leucine zipper transcription factor 2 | Bach-2 | 0.3 | same figure are described the respective roles of protein factors Bach-2 (positive) positive and Keap (negative) negative in the Nrf2 activation |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | factors Bach-2 (positive) positive and Keap (negative) negative in the Nrf2 activation as well as the redox cycling between Bilirubin and |
| 1062 | BLVRA | biliverdin reductase A | BVR | 0.9 | the redox cycling between Bilirubin and biliverdin through the enzyme BVR |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | OxS oxidative stress HO-1 heme oxygenase TRXr thioredoxin reductase |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | TRX | 2.5 | TRX Thioredoxin SH (reduced reduced form S-S oxidized form |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | ( B Regulation of HO-1 gene |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) Nrf2 is a transcription factor responsible for the induction of several |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | of several genes related to the cellular stress response including HO-1 |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | Under normal conditions Nrf2 is sequestered in the cytoplasm by an actin-binding protein Kelch-like |
| 23177 | KEAP1 | kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 | Keap1 | 0.3 | by an actin-binding protein Kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1), Keap1 but upon exposure of cells to oxidative stress Nrf2 dissociates |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | (Keap1), Keap1 but upon exposure of cells to oxidative stress Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1 translocates to the nucleus binds to antioxidant |
| 23177 | KEAP1 | kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 | Keap1 | 0.3 | upon exposure of cells to oxidative stress Nrf2 dissociates from Keap1 translocates to the nucleus binds to antioxidant responsive elements (AREs), |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | nucleus binds to antioxidant responsive elements (AREs), AREs and activates HO-1 gene This review will emphasize the role of free radicals |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | role played by members of the vitagene system such as HO-1 and Thioredoxin (Fig Fig 1 A in modulating the onset |
| 11180 | SOD2 | superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial | Mn-SOD | 1.9 | genes such as heme oxygenase thioredoxin and detoxificant enzymes (Mn-SOD, Mn-SOD glutathione S-transferase NADPH quinone reductase cytokine immunoreceptors and growth factors |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | the following findings (a) a NO and NO-related species induce HO-1 expression and increase heme oxygenase activity in human glioblastoma cells |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | and RNS can be directly involved in the modulation of HO-1 expression in eukaryotes is based on the evidence that different |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | on the evidence that different NO-releasing agents can markedly increase HO-1 and Hsp70 in a variety of tissues including brain cells |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | evidence that different NO-releasing agents can markedly increase HO-1 and Hsp70 in a variety of tissues including brain cells 19 20 |
| 5438 | IFNG | interferon, gamma | IFN-G | 0.8 | glial cells treatment with lipopolysaccaride (LPS) LPS and interferon-G (IFN-G) IFN-G promotes a rapid increase in both iNOS expression and nitrite |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | iNOS | 3.2 | and interferon-G (IFN-G) IFN-G promotes a rapid increase in both iNOS expression and nitrite levels followed by enhancement of Hsp70 3 |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | both iNOS expression and nitrite levels followed by enhancement of Hsp70 3 20 whereas the modulation of HO-1 mRNA expression by |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | by enhancement of Hsp70 3 20 whereas the modulation of HO-1 mRNA expression by iNOS-derived NO following stimulation with LPS has |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | iNOS-derived | 2.7 | 3 20 whereas the modulation of HO-1 mRNA expression by iNOS-derived NO following stimulation with LPS has also been reported in |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | iNOS | 3.2 | Moreover the early increase in iNOS protein levels observed in endothelial cells exposed to low oxygen |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | to low oxygen tension seems to precede the stimulation of HO-1 expression and activity an effect that appears to be finely |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | molecule which by triggering expression of cytoprotective genes such as HO-1 and Hsp70 may lead to adaptation and resistance of brain |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | by triggering expression of cytoprotective genes such as HO-1 and Hsp70 may lead to adaptation and resistance of brain cells to |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | sites within the promoter and distal enhancer regions of the HO-1 gene such as Fos/Jun Fos Jun activator protein-1 (AP-1)], AP-1 |
| 3796 | FOS | v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog | Fos | 1.8 | distal enhancer regions of the HO-1 gene such as Fos/Jun Fos Jun activator protein-1 (AP-1)], AP-1 nuclear factor-kB (NFkB) NFkB and |
| 6204 | JUN | jun oncogene | AP-1 | 1.6 | HO-1 gene such as Fos/Jun Fos Jun activator protein-1 (AP-1)], AP-1 nuclear factor-kB (NFkB) NFkB and the more recently identified Nrf2 |
| 7794 | NFKB1 | nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105) | NFkB | 0.6 | Fos/Jun Fos Jun activator protein-1 (AP-1)], AP-1 nuclear factor-kB (NFkB) NFkB and the more recently identified Nrf2 proteins 24 -26 (Fig |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | AP-1 nuclear factor-kB (NFkB) NFkB and the more recently identified Nrf2 proteins 24 -26 (Fig Fig 1 B contain cysteine residues |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | and complex IV inhibition an effect associated with up-regulation of HO-1 and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Nrf-2 27 |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf-2 | 1.6 | up-regulation of HO-1 and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Nrf-2 27 |
| 5269 | HSPE1 | heat shock 10kDa protein 1 (chaperonin 10) | Hsp10 | 1.9 | Some of the known Hsps include ubiquitin Hsp10 Hsp27 Hsp32 (or or HO-1 Hsp47 Hsp60 Hsc70 Hsp70 (or |
| 5247 | HSPB2 | heat shock 27kDa protein 2 | Hsp27 | 1.9 | Some of the known Hsps include ubiquitin Hsp10 Hsp27 Hsp32 (or or HO-1 Hsp47 Hsp60 Hsc70 Hsp70 (or or |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | the known Hsps include ubiquitin Hsp10 Hsp27 Hsp32 (or or HO-1 Hsp47 Hsp60 Hsc70 Hsp70 (or or Hsp72 Hsp90 and Hsp100/105 |
| 1546 | SERPINH1 | serpin peptidase inhibitor, clade H (heat shock protein 47), member 1, (collagen binding protein 1) | Hsp47 | 1.3 | known Hsps include ubiquitin Hsp10 Hsp27 Hsp32 (or or HO-1 Hsp47 Hsp60 Hsc70 Hsp70 (or or Hsp72 Hsp90 and Hsp100/105 Hsp100 |
| 5261 | HSPD1 | heat shock 60kDa protein 1 (chaperonin) | Hsp60 | 1.9 | Hsps include ubiquitin Hsp10 Hsp27 Hsp32 (or or HO-1 Hsp47 Hsp60 Hsc70 Hsp70 (or or Hsp72 Hsp90 and Hsp100/105 Hsp100 105 |
| 5241 | HSPA8 | heat shock 70kDa protein 8 | Hsc70 | 1.9 | include ubiquitin Hsp10 Hsp27 Hsp32 (or or HO-1 Hsp47 Hsp60 Hsc70 Hsp70 (or or Hsp72 Hsp90 and Hsp100/105 Hsp100 105 |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | ubiquitin Hsp10 Hsp27 Hsp32 (or or HO-1 Hsp47 Hsp60 Hsc70 Hsp70 (or or Hsp72 Hsp90 and Hsp100/105 Hsp100 105 |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp72 | 2.9 | Hsp32 (or or HO-1 Hsp47 Hsp60 Hsc70 Hsp70 (or or Hsp72 Hsp90 and Hsp100/105 Hsp100 105 |
| 5253 | HSP90AA1 | heat shock protein 90kDa alpha (cytosolic), class A member 1 | Hsp90 | 3.4 | (or or HO-1 Hsp47 Hsp60 Hsc70 Hsp70 (or or Hsp72 Hsp90 and Hsp100/105 Hsp100 105 |
| 5241 | HSPA8 | heat shock 70kDa protein 8 | Hsc70 | 1.9 | Included in this family are Hsc70 (heat heat shock cognate the constitutive form Hsp70 (the the |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | family are Hsc70 (heat heat shock cognate the constitutive form Hsp70 (the the inducible form also referred to as Hsp72 GRP75 |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp72 | 2.9 | form Hsp70 (the the inducible form also referred to as Hsp72 GRP75 (a a constitutively expressed glucose-regulated protein found in the |
| 5244 | HSPA9 | heat shock 70kDa protein 9 (mortalin) | GRP75 | 1.9 | Hsp70 (the the inducible form also referred to as Hsp72 GRP75 (a a constitutively expressed glucose-regulated protein found in the endoplasmic |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | After a variety of central nervous system (CNS) CNS insults Hsp70 is synthesized at high levels and is present in cytosol |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | After heat shock synthesis of Hsp70 may increase to become the most abundant protein in the |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | Once synthesized Hsp70 binds to denaturated proteins in an ATP-dependent manner |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | cytokine-induced nitrosative stress is associated with an increased synthesis of Hsp70 |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | Increase in Hsp70 protein expression was also found after treatment of cells with |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | (SNP), SNP thus suggesting a role for NO in inducing Hsp70 proteins |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp72 | 2.9 | Induction of Hsp72 under stress conditions is often accompanied by the induction of |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | toxicity by acting at three different levels (i) i inducing HO-1 and Hsp72 proteins (ii) ii decreasing the neuronal 3-nitrotyrosine levels |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp72 | 2.9 | acting at three different levels (i) i inducing HO-1 and Hsp72 proteins (ii) ii decreasing the neuronal 3-nitrotyrosine levels and therefore |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | NOS | 2.7 | (ii) ii decreasing the neuronal 3-nitrotyrosine levels and therefore inducible NOS activity and (iii) iii by the well known direct free |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | During translocation this proteins interact with Hsp70 ATP-dependent binding and the release of Hsp70 provide the major |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | proteins interact with Hsp70 ATP-dependent binding and the release of Hsp70 provide the major driving force for complete transport of polypeptides |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | Although most imported polypeptides are released from soluble Hsp70 however a subset of aggregation-sensitive polypeptides must be transferred from |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | however a subset of aggregation-sensitive polypeptides must be transferred from Hsp70 to Hsp60 for folding 40 |
| 5261 | HSPD1 | heat shock 60kDa protein 1 (chaperonin) | Hsp60 | 1.9 | subset of aggregation-sensitive polypeptides must be transferred from Hsp70 to Hsp60 for folding 40 |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | the close functional interaction between this chaperonin system and the Hsp70 system it is likely that up-regulation of Hsp60 may be |
| 5261 | HSPD1 | heat shock 60kDa protein 1 (chaperonin) | Hsp60 | 1.9 | and the Hsp70 system it is likely that up-regulation of Hsp60 may be a fundamental site targeted by LAC action with |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | heme oxygenase (HO) HO isoforms were described an inducible isoform HO-1 and a constitutive isoform HO-2 |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | HO-2 | 1.9 | were described an inducible isoform HO-1 and a constitutive isoform HO-2 |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | from the identity between the active centers of the enzyme HO-1 and HO-2 broadly differ in cell and tissue regulation and |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | HO-2 | 1.9 | from the identity between the active centers of the enzyme HO-1 and HO-2 broadly differ in cell and tissue regulation and |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | HO-2 | 1.9 | identity between the active centers of the enzyme HO-1 and HO-2 broadly differ in cell and tissue regulation and distribution |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | Furthermore in cultured human cells HO-1 expression can be repressed by hypoxia or by the treatment |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | HO-2 | 1.9 | On the contrary HO-2 the constitutive form is responsive to developmental factors adrenal glucocorticoids |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | Although HO-1 and HO-2 catalyze the same reaction they play different roles |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | HO-2 | 1.9 | Although HO-1 and HO-2 catalyze the same reaction they play different roles |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | HO-2 | 1.9 | Although HO-1 and HO-2 catalyze the same reaction they play different roles in protecting |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | The current hypothesis suggests that HO-1 induction is one of the earlier cellular responses to tissue |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | HO-2 | 1.9 | On the contrary HO-2 constitutively expressed is primarily involved in maintaining cell heme homeostasis |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | The induction of HO-1 is regulated principally by two upstream enhancers E1 and E2 |
| 6776 | MAF | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog (avian) | Maf | 0.5 | called ARE that also conform to the sequence of the Maf recognition element (MARE) MARE 53 with a consensus sequence (GCnnnGTA) |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | evidence to suggest that heterodimers of NF-E2-related factors 2 (Nrf2) Nrf2 and one or another of the small Maf proteins (i.e |
| 6776 | MAF | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog (avian) | Maf | 0.5 | 2 (Nrf2) Nrf2 and one or another of the small Maf proteins (i.e i.e MafK MafF and MafG are directly involved |
| 6782 | MAFK | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog K (avian) | MafK | 0.3 | one or another of the small Maf proteins (i.e i.e MafK MafF and MafG are directly involved in induction of HO-1 |
| 6780 | MAFF | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog F (avian) | MafF | 0.3 | or another of the small Maf proteins (i.e i.e MafK MafF and MafG are directly involved in induction of HO-1 gene |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | MafK MafF and MafG are directly involved in induction of HO-1 gene through these MAREs 53 |
| 6781 | MAFG | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog G (avian) | MafG | 0.1 | of the small Maf proteins (i.e i.e MafK MafF and MafG are directly involved in induction of HO-1 gene through these |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | A possible model centered on Nrf2 activity suggests that the heme protein Bach1 works as a |
| 20473 | BRIP1 | BRCA1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 | Bach1 | 2.4 | model centered on Nrf2 activity suggests that the heme protein Bach1 works as a transcriptional repressor (Fig Fig 1 A B |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | Hence regulation of HO-1 gene expression by Bach1 and heme occurs through antagonism between |
| 20473 | BRIP1 | BRCA1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 | Bach1 | 2.4 | Hence regulation of HO-1 gene expression by Bach1 and heme occurs through antagonism between transcription activators and the |
| 20473 | BRIP1 | BRCA1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 | Bach1 | 2.4 | heme occurs through antagonism between transcription activators and the repressor Bach1 |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | Under normal physiological conditions expression of HO-1 is repressed by Bach1/Maf Bach1 Maf complex while increased levels |
| 20473 | BRIP1 | BRCA1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 | Bach1 | 2.4 | normal physiological conditions expression of HO-1 is repressed by Bach1/Maf Bach1 Maf complex while increased levels of heme displace Bach1 from |
| 6776 | MAF | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog (avian) | Maf | 0.5 | physiological conditions expression of HO-1 is repressed by Bach1/Maf Bach1 Maf complex while increased levels of heme displace Bach1 from the |
| 20473 | BRIP1 | BRCA1 interacting protein C-terminal helicase 1 | Bach1 | 2.4 | Bach1/Maf Bach1 Maf complex while increased levels of heme displace Bach1 from the enhancers and allow activators such as heterodimer of |
| 6776 | MAF | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog (avian) | Maf | 0.5 | from the enhancers and allow activators such as heterodimer of Maf with NF-E2 related activators (Nrf2), Nrf2 to interact with the |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | NF-E2 | 1.6 | enhancers and allow activators such as heterodimer of Maf with NF-E2 related activators (Nrf2), Nrf2 to interact with the transcriptional promotion |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | such as heterodimer of Maf with NF-E2 related activators (Nrf2), Nrf2 to interact with the transcriptional promotion of HO-1 33 |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | activators (Nrf2), Nrf2 to interact with the transcriptional promotion of HO-1 33 |
| 1062 | BLVRA | biliverdin reductase A | BVR | 0.9 | Heme oxygenase activity is regulated also by BVR because this latter reduces biliverdin (BV), BV the inhibitory product |
| 1062 | BLVRA | biliverdin reductase A | BVR | 0.9 | The molecular mass of BVR ranges between 41-42 KDa (human) human and 33-34 KDa (rat), |
| 1062 | BLVRA | biliverdin reductase A | BVR | 0.9 | Until now BVR was considered a noninducible protein but recent data showed that |
| 1062 | BLVRA | biliverdin reductase A | BVR | 0.9 | In the rat brain BVR is co-expressed in cells that display HO-1 and/or and or |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | the rat brain BVR is co-expressed in cells that display HO-1 and/or and or HO-2 under normal conditions as well as |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | HO-2 | 1.9 | is co-expressed in cells that display HO-1 and/or and or HO-2 under normal conditions as well as in regions and cell |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | cell types that have the potential to express heat shock-inducible HO-1 protein 57 |
| 1062 | BLVRA | biliverdin reductase A | BVR | 0.9 | Further evidence demonstrated that BVR exhibited developmental changes with the activity increasing after birth and |
| 1062 | BLVRA | biliverdin reductase A | BVR | 0.9 | Immunohistochemical analysis revealed age-related pattern of the expression of BVR in select rat brain areas such as the cortex substantia |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | HO-2 | 1.9 | abundant in reticuloendothelial organs such as liver and spleen whereas HO-2 is localized in specific organs such as brain kidney and |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | HO-2 | 1.9 | high HO activity under basal conditions mostly accounted for by HO-2 the latter being expressed in neuronal populations in forebrain hippocampus |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | This finding indicates that the activation of HO-1 and the following formation of CO can be induced by |
| 2355 | CRH | corticotropin releasing hormone | CRH | 0.3 | within the parvicellular part of the paraventricular nucleus release both CRH and AVP the neuropeptides that initiate the endocrine response to |
| 16400 | NLRP3 | NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3 | AVP | 0.3 | parvicellular part of the paraventricular nucleus release both CRH and AVP the neuropeptides that initiate the endocrine response to a stressor |
| 9201 | POMC | proopiomelanocortin (adrenocorticotropin/ beta-lipotropin/ alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone/ beta-endorphin) | ACTH | 1.0 | endocrine response to a stressor stimulating the release of pituitary ACTH 44 |
| 4817 | HARS2 | histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative) | HO-3 | 0.8 | Maines and her group described a third HO isoform called HO-3 |
| 4817 | HARS2 | histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative) | HO-3 | 0.8 | paper Scapagnini et al investigated the regional brain expression of HO-3 and they found that this isoform is expressed mainly in |
| 4817 | HARS2 | histidyl-tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial (putative) | HO-3 | 0.8 | The regulation of HO-3 gene expression and its synthesis is poorly understood and its |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | The thioredoxin system The thioredoxin (Trx) Trx system (Trx Trx and Trx reductase has received a considerable |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | The thioredoxin system The thioredoxin (Trx) Trx system (Trx Trx and Trx reductase has received a considerable attention in the |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | thioredoxin system The thioredoxin (Trx) Trx system (Trx Trx and Trx reductase has received a considerable attention in the last years |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | Trx is a ubiquitous thiol oxidoreductase system that regulates cellular redox |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | a hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase required for DNA synthesis Trx plays an essential role in cell function by limiting oxidative |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | of many processes is provided by an interaction between the Trx and GSH systems 62 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | In fact Trx and GSH systems are involved in a variety of redox-dependent |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | The Trx system rather may play a critical role in the redox |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | reduced form by TrxR and NADPH collectively known as the Trx system |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | Trx reductase belongs to the flavoprotein family of pyridine nucleotide disulfide |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | the catalytic activity of mammalian TrxR toward reduction of oxidized Trx and various antioxidant molecules such as lipoic acid ascorbic acid |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | Trx which behaves as a soluble protein after disruption of cells |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | of cells exists as one of the cytoplasmic proteins (Trx-1) Trx-1 and a mitochondrial (Trx-2) Trx-2 isoform 60 |
| 17772 | TXN2 | thioredoxin 2 | Trx-2 | 1.3 | of the cytoplasmic proteins (Trx-1) Trx-1 and a mitochondrial (Trx-2) Trx-2 isoform 60 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | A growing number of studies report a striking association between Trx-1 up-regulation in the CNS and neuron survival following various injuries |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | Trx-1 and TrxR the most extensively studied eukaryotic thioredoxin proteins were |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | Trx-1 has been then found widely expressed in rat brain especially |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | Immunohistochemical analysis of Trx-1 in human brain showed positive Trx1-like staining in white matter |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | The promoter of the Trx gene contains a series of stress-responsive elements various transcription factor |
| 11205 | SP1 | Sp1 transcription factor | SP1 | 0.6 | of stress-responsive elements various transcription factor binding sites such as SP1 GCF and WT-ZFP conferring constitutive expression inducible expression elements such |
| 1317 | C2orf3 | chromosome 2 open reading frame 3 | GCF | 0.3 | stress-responsive elements various transcription factor binding sites such as SP1 GCF and WT-ZFP conferring constitutive expression inducible expression elements such as |
| 6204 | JUN | jun oncogene | AP-1 | 1.6 | and WT-ZFP conferring constitutive expression inducible expression elements such as AP-1 AP-2 NF-kB Oct-1 PEA-3 Myb and the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) |
| 11742 | TFAP2A | transcription factor AP-2 alpha (activating enhancer binding protein 2 alpha) | AP-2 | 1.6 | WT-ZFP conferring constitutive expression inducible expression elements such as AP-1 AP-2 NF-kB Oct-1 PEA-3 Myb and the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) ARE |
| 7794 | NFKB1 | nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105) | NF-kB | 0.6 | conferring constitutive expression inducible expression elements such as AP-1 AP-2 NF-kB Oct-1 PEA-3 Myb and the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) ARE 71 |
| 10963 | SLC22A1 | solute carrier family 22 (organic cation transporter), member 1 | Oct-1 | 0.3 | constitutive expression inducible expression elements such as AP-1 AP-2 NF-kB Oct-1 PEA-3 Myb and the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) ARE 71 |
| 3493 | ETV4 | ets variant gene 4 (E1A enhancer binding protein, E1AF) | PEA-3 | 0.3 | expression inducible expression elements such as AP-1 AP-2 NF-kB Oct-1 PEA-3 Myb and the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) ARE 71 |
| 7545 | MYB | v-myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (avian) | Myb | 0.3 | inducible expression elements such as AP-1 AP-2 NF-kB Oct-1 PEA-3 Myb and the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE) ARE 71 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | ARE-mediated Trx-1 induction involves the transcription factor Nfr2 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | Moreover it has been reported that Trx is constitutively present as a surface-associated sulfhydryl protein in plasma |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | UV irradiation and hydrogen peroxide have been shown to induce Trx expression and secretion as a redox-sensitive molecule with cytokine-like and |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | and hemin has been reported to cause the translocation of Trx from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it regulates the |
| 6204 | JUN | jun oncogene | AP-1 | 1.6 | DNA binding activity of critical transcription factors such as the AP-1 family members NF-kB Jun Fos p53 CREB PEBP2/CBF, PEBP2 CBF |
| 7794 | NFKB1 | nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (p105) | NF-kB | 0.6 | of critical transcription factors such as the AP-1 family members NF-kB Jun Fos p53 CREB PEBP2/CBF, PEBP2 CBF Myb all involved |
| 3796 | FOS | v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog | Fos | 1.8 | transcription factors such as the AP-1 family members NF-kB Jun Fos p53 CREB PEBP2/CBF, PEBP2 CBF Myb all involved in fundamental |
| 11998 | TP53 | tumor protein p53 | p53 | 0.6 | factors such as the AP-1 family members NF-kB Jun Fos p53 CREB PEBP2/CBF, PEBP2 CBF Myb all involved in fundamental processes |
| 2345 | CREB1 | cAMP responsive element binding protein 1 | CREB | 1.9 | such as the AP-1 family members NF-kB Jun Fos p53 CREB PEBP2/CBF, PEBP2 CBF Myb all involved in fundamental processes such |
| 7545 | MYB | v-myb myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (avian) | Myb | 0.1 | family members NF-kB Jun Fos p53 CREB PEBP2/CBF, PEBP2 CBF Myb all involved in fundamental processes such as gene expression cell |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | Plasma levels of Trx in normal individuals vary between 10 and 80 ng/ml; ng |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | Of note several studies reported increased Trx-1 expression in many human primary cancers and tumor cell lines |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | Elevated Trx levels may contribute to increased cancer cell proliferation and resistance |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | Recent work suggests that Trx-1 play a key role in NGF signaling pathways 74 |
| 7808 | NGF | nerve growth factor (beta polypeptide) | NGF | 0.6 | Recent work suggests that Trx-1 play a key role in NGF signaling pathways 74 |
| 7808 | NGF | nerve growth factor (beta polypeptide) | NGF | 0.6 | NGF a neurotrophic factor regulating development maintenance and function of the |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | and function of the CNS has been shown to activate Trx-1 expression via cyclic AMP (cAMP)-response cAMP -response elements (CREs) CREs |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | AMP (cAMP)-response cAMP -response elements (CREs) CREs present in the Trx-1 gene promoter and also to induce nuclear translocation of Trx1 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx1 | 2.5 | Trx-1 gene promoter and also to induce nuclear translocation of Trx1 75 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | to regulate the function of proteins through thiol-disulfide exchange reactions Trx may also have beneficial effects during oxidative stress by transcriptionally |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | also have beneficial effects during oxidative stress by transcriptionally upregulating HO-1 with important cytoprotective pleiotropic effects deriving from heme degradation biliverdin |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | Besides the role as a source of reducing equivalents Trx by itself acts as antioxidant or ROS scavenger |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | In fact Trx eliminates singlet oxygen hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide 78 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | Another family of proteins acting in conjunction with Trx is the peroxide scavenger Peroxiredoxin (Prx) Prx |
| 16753 | PRDX6 | peroxiredoxin 6 | Prx | 0.3 | in conjunction with Trx is the peroxide scavenger Peroxiredoxin (Prx) Prx |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | antioxidant enzymes most of which use the reducing activity of Trx or other electron donors to catalyze the reduction of peroxides |
| 16753 | PRDX6 | peroxiredoxin 6 | Prx | 0.3 | A number of studies have shown that several Prx isoforms can be induced in brain in response to various |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | As for cytosolic Trx (Trx-1), Trx-1 the induction of Prx-1 appears to involve the |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | As for cytosolic Trx (Trx-1), Trx-1 the induction of Prx-1 appears to involve the transcription factor |
| 9352 | PRDX1 | peroxiredoxin 1 | Prx-1 | 0.3 | As for cytosolic Trx (Trx-1), Trx-1 the induction of Prx-1 appears to involve the transcription factor Nrf2 |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | the induction of Prx-1 appears to involve the transcription factor Nrf2 |
| 16753 | PRDX6 | peroxiredoxin 6 | Prx | 0.3 | Recent studies have revealed aberrant patterns of Prx expression in the CNS of patients affected by neurodegenerative disorders |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | A second slightly larger Trx isoform (Trx-2), Trx-2 is also present in mammalian cells where |
| 17772 | TXN2 | thioredoxin 2 | Trx-2 | 1.3 | A second slightly larger Trx isoform (Trx-2), Trx-2 is also present in mammalian cells where exhibits characteristics consistent |
| 17772 | TXN2 | thioredoxin 2 | Trx-2 | 1.3 | Trx-2 inactivation studies in DT-40 chicken cells suggest that this mitochondrial |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | inactivation studies in DT-40 chicken cells suggest that this mitochondrial Trx isoenzyme is essential for cell survival |
| 17772 | TXN2 | thioredoxin 2 | Trx-2 | 1.3 | The homozygous disruption of Trx-2 generates a lethal embryonic phenotype in mice 81 |
| 17772 | TXN2 | thioredoxin 2 | Trx-2 | 1.3 | In support of Trx-2 protective function(s) function s against oxidative stress transfection of Trx2 |
| 17772 | TXN2 | thioredoxin 2 | Trx2 | 1.3 | Trx-2 protective function(s) function s against oxidative stress transfection of Trx2 reduced the sensitivity of human osteosarcoma and embryo kidney cells |
| 17772 | TXN2 | thioredoxin 2 | Trx2 | 1.3 | Mitochondrial isoform Trx2 is abundant and widely distributed in rat brain 83 |
| 17772 | TXN2 | thioredoxin 2 | Trx-2 | 1.3 | Brain regions showing highest expression of Trx-2 at the RNA and protein levels include the olfactory bulb |
| 17772 | TXN2 | thioredoxin 2 | Trx2 | 1.3 | The expression pattern of Trx2 appears to be associated with brain regions producing high levels |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.3 | It is characterized pathologically by deposition of amyloid B-peptide (AB) AB in senile (neuritic) neuritic plaques and the |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | from the cellular machinery and recruitment of chaperone pairs including Hsp70 and Hsp27 endowed with anti-apoptotic properties 85 |
| 5247 | HSPB2 | heat shock 27kDa protein 2 | Hsp27 | 1.9 | cellular machinery and recruitment of chaperone pairs including Hsp70 and Hsp27 endowed with anti-apoptotic properties 85 |
| 6893 | MAPT | microtubule-associated protein tau | tau | 1.8 | Binding of phosphorylated tau to Hsp70 implies that the complex may be a substrate |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | Binding of phosphorylated tau to Hsp70 implies that the complex may be a substrate for the |
| 11427 | STUB1 | STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 | CHIP | 1.6 | carboxyl terminus of heat-shock cognate (Hsc)70-interacting Hsc 70-interacting protein (CHIP) CHIP 86 -88 |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | Together with Hsp70 CHIP can regulate tau ubiquitination and degradation in a cell |
| 11427 | STUB1 | STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 | CHIP | 1.6 | Together with Hsp70 CHIP can regulate tau ubiquitination and degradation in a cell culture |
| 6893 | MAPT | microtubule-associated protein tau | tau | 1.8 | Together with Hsp70 CHIP can regulate tau ubiquitination and degradation in a cell culture system 87 |
| 11427 | STUB1 | STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 | CHIP | 1.6 | Increased levels of CHIP and Hsp70 has ben detected in AD compared with normal |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | Increased levels of CHIP and Hsp70 has ben detected in AD compared with normal controls 86 |
| 11427 | STUB1 | STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 | CHIP | 1.6 | In a JNPL3 mouse brain tauopathy model CHIP was widely distributed but weakly expressed in spinal cord which |
| 6893 | MAPT | microtubule-associated protein tau | tau | 1.8 | in spinal cord which was the most prominent region for tau inclusions and neuronal loss |
| 11427 | STUB1 | STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 | CHIP | 1.6 | Protein levels of CHIP in cerebellar regions (a a brain region highly resistant to |
| 11427 | STUB1 | STIP1 homology and U-box containing protein 1 | CHIP | 1.6 | These findings suggest that increases in CHIP may protect against the formation of neurofibrillary tangles the major |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.3 | intracellular immunoreactive deposits as well as the formation of intracellular amyloid 89 |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp70 | 3.5 | specifically coimmunoprecipitate with AB has identified chaperone proteins such as Hsp70 and alpha B-crystallin-related small Hsp (Hsp16) Hsp16 |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp | 1.9 | identified chaperone proteins such as Hsp70 and alpha B-crystallin-related small Hsp (Hsp16) Hsp16 |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | Recently the involvement of HO-1 in the antidegenerative mechanisms operating in AD has received considerable |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.3 | received considerable attention as it has been demonstrated that the amyloid precursor protein (APP) APP decreases HO activity thus reducing the |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | APP | 0.3 | it has been demonstrated that the amyloid precursor protein (APP) APP decreases HO activity thus reducing the intracellular levels of bilirubin |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | HO-1 induction which occurs together with the induction of other stress |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | Significant increases in the levels of HO-1 have been observed in AD brains in association with neurofibrillary |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | in AD brains in association with neurofibrillary tangles and also HO-1 mRNA was found increased in AD neocortex and cerebral vessels |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | HO-1 increase was not only in association with neurofibrillary tangles but |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | In addition Takeda et al explored the relationship between HO-1 and tau protein this latter being the major component of |
| 6893 | MAPT | microtubule-associated protein tau | tau | 1.8 | addition Takeda et al explored the relationship between HO-1 and tau protein this latter being the major component of intraneuronal neurofibrillary |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | In transfected neuroblastoma cells overexpressing HO-1 the activity of this enzyme was increased and conversely the |
| 6893 | MAPT | microtubule-associated protein tau | tau | 1.8 | of this enzyme was increased and conversely the level of tau protein was significantly decreased when compared with antisense HO-1 or |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | of tau protein was significantly decreased when compared with antisense HO-1 or vector transfected cells 93 |
| 6893 | MAPT | microtubule-associated protein tau | tau | 1.8 | The suppression of tau protein expression was almost completely counteracted by zinc-deuteroporphyrin a specific |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | (extracellular extracellular signal-regulated kinases were also decreased in cells overexpressing HO-1 although no changes in the expression of total ERKs were |
| 6871 | MAPK1 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | ERKs | 0.0 | The activated forms of ERKs (extracellular extracellular signal-regulated kinases were also decreased in cells overexpressing |
| 6871 | MAPK1 | mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 | ERKs | 0.0 | overexpressing HO-1 although no changes in the expression of total ERKs were observed 93 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | Among the very few studies available on the expression of Trx cycle enzymes in neurodegenerative processes one report indicated increased Trx1 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx1 | 2.5 | Trx cycle enzymes in neurodegenerative processes one report indicated increased Trx1 protein and RNA levels in the grey and white matter |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | AD patients of a significant increase in the expression of HO-1 and TRXr whereas this latter was not increased in the |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | lymphocytes showed an increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase HO-1 Hsp72 Hsp60 and TrxR 96 |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | Hsp72 | 2.9 | showed an increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase HO-1 Hsp72 Hsp60 and TrxR 96 |
| 5261 | HSPD1 | heat shock 60kDa protein 1 (chaperonin) | Hsp60 | 1.9 | an increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase HO-1 Hsp72 Hsp60 and TrxR 96 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | that treatments of primary rat hippocampal cell cultures with exogenous Trx enhanced their survival against B-amyloid cytotoxicity 97 |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | Thus it has been suggested that Trx might play a protective role in AD and Trx-1 deficit |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | that Trx might play a protective role in AD and Trx-1 deficit might eventually contribute to increased oxidative stress and subsequent |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx-1 | 3.0 | In contrast to low Trx-1 protein levels TrxR activity was significantly elevated in the amygdala |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | SOD1 | 1.9 | antioxidant enzymatic activities such as GPx GSSG reductase CAT and SOD1 were also found elevated in several regions of AD brain |
| 1516 | CAT | catalase | CAT | 0.1 | other main antioxidant enzymatic activities such as GPx GSSG reductase CAT and SOD1 were also found elevated in several regions of |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | Trx | 2.5 | It is likely that the expression of the Trx cycle enzymes must be tightly regulated in order to maintain |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | The protective role played by HO-1 in AD in fact raises new possibilities regarding the use |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | the use of natural substances which are able to increase HO-1 levels as potential drugs for the treatment of AD |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | In addition curcumin has been shown to significantly increase HO-1 in astrocytes and vascular endothelial cells 100 101 |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | This latter effect on HO-1 can explain at least in part the strong antioxidant properties |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp72 | 2.9 | modulates specific genes in the rat CNS such as the hsp72 gene the gene for the isoform of 14-3-3 protein and |
| 5261 | HSPD1 | heat shock 60kDa protein 1 (chaperonin) | Hsp60 | 1.9 | for the first time that acetylcarnitine induces heme oxygenase-1 and Hsp60 heat-shock proteins with a mechanism involving activation and nuclear translocation |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | Nrf2 | 2.1 | mechanism involving activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Nrf2 27 |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | modulate ARE-mediated expression of stress-inducible genes 107 -124 such as HO-1 G-glutamylcysteine synthetase Mn-SOD and glutathione S-transferase |
| 11180 | SOD2 | superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial | Mn-SOD | 1.9 | of stress-inducible genes 107 -124 such as HO-1 G-glutamylcysteine synthetase Mn-SOD and glutathione S-transferase |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.3 | s quality control system becomes overwhelmed conformational changes occur to amyloid polypeptide intermediates generating stable oligomers with an anti-parallel crossed B-pleated |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.3 | Although it is clear why mutant proteins form amyloid it is harder to rationalize why a wild-type protein adopts |
| 620 | APP | amyloid beta (A4) precursor protein (peptidase nexin-II, Alzheimer disease) | amyloid | 1.3 | discrepancy suggests that another event likely triggers misfolding in sporadic amyloid disease |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | HO-1 | 6.5 | phenolic compounds such as curcumin and ferulic acid can induce HO-1 and TRXr and thus reduce AD strongly indicates the therapeutic |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | heme oxygenase 1 | 1.0 | heme oxygenase 1 an inducible and redox regulated enzyme has having an important role in cellular antioxidant defense. |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | superoxide dismutase | 1.0 | mccord and fridovich first described superoxide dismutase implying a potential physiological role of superoxide [ 2 ] subsequently confirmed in numerous studies [ 3 ]. |
| 11179 | SOD1 | superoxide dismutase 1, soluble (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 1 (adult)) | superoxide dismutase | 1.0 | in defense against this the cell has developed a number of antioxidant defense systems including superoxide dismutase the peroxidases the glutathione redox cycle with its associated constitutive enzymes as well as glutathione itself. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | heme oxygenase 1 ho 1 also referred to as hsp32 belongs to the hsps family and protects brain cells from oxidative stress by degrading toxic heme into free iron carbon monoxide co and biliverdin. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | heme oxygenase 1 | 1.0 | heme oxygenase 1 ho 1 also referred to as hsp32 belongs to the hsps family and protects brain cells from oxidative stress by degrading toxic heme into free iron carbon monoxide co and biliverdin. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | fig. 1 a cellular stress response and the interplay between ho 1 and trxr. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | acetylcarnitine through activation via acetylation of the redox sensitive transcription factor nrf2 and its consequent binding to the antioxidant responsive element are in the ho gene up regulates ho 1 and trxr thus counteracting nitrosative stress and no mediated neurotoxicity. |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | thioredoxin | 1.0 | oxs oxidative stress; ho 1 heme oxygenase; trxr thioredoxin reductase. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | oxs oxidative stress; ho 1 heme oxygenase; trxr thioredoxin reductase. |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | thioredoxin | 1.0 | trx thioredoxin sh reduced form s s oxidized form. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | b regulation of ho 1 gene. |
| 6782 | MAFK | v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog K (avian) | nuclear factor erythroid 2 | 1.0 | nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 nrf2 is a transcription factor responsible for the induction of several genes related to the cellular stress response including ho 1. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 nrf2 is a transcription factor responsible for the induction of several genes related to the cellular stress response including ho 1. |
| 25888 | KLHL22 | kelch-like 22 (Drosophila) | kelch like | 1.0 | under normal conditions nrf2 is sequestered in the cytoplasm by an actin binding protein kelch like ech associating protein 1 keap1 but upon exposure of cells to oxidative stress nrf2 dissociates from keap1 translocates to the nucleus binds to antioxidant responsive elements ares and activates ho 1 |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | like ech associating protein 1 keap1 but upon exposure of cells to oxidative stress nrf2 dissociates from keap1 translocates to the nucleus binds to antioxidant responsive elements ares and activates ho 1 gene this review will emphasize the role of free radicals in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | thioredoxin | 1.0 | in addition the key role played by members of the vitagene system such as ho 1 and thioredoxin fig 1 a in modulating the onset and progression of major neurodegenerative diseases such as ad and pd are discussed. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | in addition the key role played by members of the vitagene system such as ho 1 and thioredoxin fig 1 a in modulating the onset and progression of major neurodegenerative diseases such as ad and pd are discussed. |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | thioredoxin | 1.0 | in eukaryotes typical examples are genes such as heme oxygenase thioredoxin and detoxificant enzymes mn sod glutathione s transferase nadph: quinone reductase cytokine immunoreceptors and growth factors. |
| 11180 | SOD2 | superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial | mn sod | 1.0 | in eukaryotes typical examples are genes such as heme oxygenase thioredoxin and detoxificant enzymes mn sod glutathione s transferase nadph: quinone reductase cytokine immunoreceptors and growth factors. |
| 25806 | GSTCD | glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain containing | glutathione s transferase | 1.0 | in eukaryotes typical examples are genes such as heme oxygenase thioredoxin and detoxificant enzymes mn sod glutathione s transferase nadph: quinone reductase cytokine immunoreceptors and growth factors. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | hat the antioxidant protein heme oxygenase could _amp_#8220;sense_amp_#8221; no and thus protect against ros and rns insults is supported by the following findings: a no and no related species induce ho 1 expression and increase heme oxygenase activity in human glioblastoma cells hepatocytes and aortic vascular cells; b cells pre treated with various no releasing molecules acquire increased resistance |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | the conception that no and rns can be directly involved in the modulation of ho 1 expression in eukaryotes is based on the evidence that different no releasing agents can markedly increase ho 1 and hsp70 in a variety of tissues including brain cells [ 19 20 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | the conception that no and rns can be directly involved in the modulation of ho 1 expression in eukaryotes is based on the evidence that different no releasing agents can markedly increase ho 1 and hsp70 in a variety of tissues including brain cells [ 19 20 ]. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | in rat glial cells treatment with lipopolysaccaride lps and interferon g ifn g promotes a rapid increase in both inos expression and nitrite levels followed by enhancement of hsp70 [ 3 20 ] whereas the modulation of ho 1 mrna expression by inos derived no following stimulation with lps has also been reported in different brain regions particularly in the hippocampus and substan |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | ls treatment with lipopolysaccaride lps and interferon g ifn g promotes a rapid increase in both inos expression and nitrite levels followed by enhancement of hsp70 [ 3 20 ] whereas the modulation of ho 1 mrna expression by inos derived no following stimulation with lps has also been reported in different brain regions particularly in the hippocampus and substantia nigra in an in vivo rat model of sep |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | moreover the early increase in inos protein levels observed in endothelial cells exposed to low oxygen tension seems to precede the stimulation of ho 1 expression and activity an effect that appears to be finely regulated by redox reactions involving glutathione [ 18 21 22 ]. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | taken together these findings point to a possible role of the no as a signaling molecule which by triggering expression of cytoprotective genes such as ho 1 and hsp70 may lead to adaptation and resistance of brain cells to subsequent more severe nitrosative and oxidative stress [ 21 23 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | taken together these findings point to a possible role of the no as a signaling molecule which by triggering expression of cytoprotective genes such as ho 1 and hsp70 may lead to adaptation and resistance of brain cells to subsequent more severe nitrosative and oxidative stress [ 21 23 ]. |
| 3796 | FOS | v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog | activator protein 1 | 1.0 | consistent with this several transcription factors that recognize specific binding sites within the promoter and distal enhancer regions of the ho 1 gene such as fos/jun [activator protein 1 ap 1 ] nuclear factor kb nfkb and the more recently identified nrf2 proteins [ 24 26 ] fig 1 b contain cysteine residues whose interaction with oxidant or nitrosant species might be crucial for deter |
| 3796 | FOS | v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog | ap 1 | 1.0 | consistent with this several transcription factors that recognize specific binding sites within the promoter and distal enhancer regions of the ho 1 gene such as fos/jun [activator protein 1 ap 1 ] nuclear factor kb nfkb and the more recently identified nrf2 proteins [ 24 26 ] fig 1 b contain cysteine residues whose interaction with oxidant or nitrosant species might be crucial for determinin |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | consistent with this several transcription factors that recognize specific binding sites within the promoter and distal enhancer regions of the ho 1 gene such as fos/jun [activator protein 1 ap 1 ] nuclear factor kb nfkb and the more recently identified nrf2 proteins [ 24 26 ] fig 1 b contain cysteine residues whose interaction with oxidant or ni |
| 19374 | NKRF | NFKB repressing factor | transcription factor nrf | 1.0 | eatment of astrocytes exposed to cytokine induced nitrosative stress restores gsh/gssg ratio and complex iv inhibition an effect associated with up regulation of ho 1 and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nrf 2 [ 27 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | acetylcarnitine treatment of astrocytes exposed to cytokine induced nitrosative stress restores gsh/gssg ratio and complex iv inhibition an effect associated with up regulation of ho 1 and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nrf 2 [ 27 ]. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | some of the known hsps include ubiquitin hsp10 hsp27 hsp32 or ho 1 hsp47 hsp60 hsc70 hsp70 or hsp72 hsp90 and hsp100/105. |
| 10417 | RPS27A | ribosomal protein S27a | ubiquitin | 1.0 | some of the known hsps include ubiquitin hsp10 hsp27 hsp32 or ho 1 hsp47 hsp60 hsc70 hsp70 or hsp72 hsp90 and hsp100/105. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | some of the known hsps include ubiquitin hsp10 hsp27 hsp32 or ho 1 hsp47 hsp60 hsc70 hsp70 or hsp72 hsp90 and hsp100/105. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | included in this family are hsc70 heat shock cognate the constitutive form hsp70 the inducible form also referred to as hsp72 grp75 a constitutively expressed glucose regulated protein found in the endoplasmic reticulum . |
| 4646 | GTF2A1 | general transcription factor IIA, 1, 19/37kDa | glucose regulated protein | 1.0 | included in this family are hsc70 heat shock cognate the constitutive form hsp70 the inducible form also referred to as hsp72 grp75 a constitutively expressed glucose regulated protein found in the endoplasmic reticulum . |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | after a variety of central nervous system cns insults hsp70 is synthesized at high levels and is present in cytosol nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum [ 24 32 ]. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | after heat shock synthesis of hsp70 may increase to become the most abundant protein in the cell. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | once synthesized hsp70 binds to denaturated proteins in an atp dependent manner. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | increase in hsp70 protein expression was also found after treatment of cells with the no generating compound sodium nitroprusside snp thus suggesting a role for no in inducing hsp70 proteins. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | in these conditions exogenous antioxidant treatment with ferulic acid ethyl ester faee afforded protection of cortical neurons from b amyloid toxicity by acting at three different levels: i inducing ho 1 and hsp72 proteins ii decreasing the neuronal 3 nitrotyrosine levels and therefore inducible nos activity; and iii by the well known direct free radical quenching activity [ 38 ] fig 1 a . |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | during translocation this proteins interact with hsp70 atp dependent binding and the release of hsp70 provide the major driving force for complete transport of polypeptides into the matrix. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | although most imported polypeptides are released from soluble hsp70 however a subset of aggregation sensitive polypeptides must be transferred from hsp70 to hsp60 for folding [ 40 ]. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | owing to the close functional interaction between this chaperonin system and the hsp70 system it is likely that up regulation of hsp60 may be a fundamental site targeted by lac action with consequent restoration of complex iv function under conditions of nitrosative stress dependent pe |
| 5261 | HSPD1 | heat shock 60kDa protein 1 (chaperonin) | chaperonin | 1.0 | owing to the close functional interaction between this chaperonin system and the hsp70 system it is likely that up regulation of hsp60 may be a fundamental site targeted by lac action with consequent restoration of complex iv function under conditions of nitrosativ |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | heme oxygenase system until 1997 two heme oxygenase ho isoforms were described: an inducible isoform ho 1 and a constitutive isoform ho 2. |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | ho 2 | 1.0 | heme oxygenase system until 1997 two heme oxygenase ho isoforms were described: an inducible isoform ho 1 and a constitutive isoform ho 2. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | apart from the identity between the active centers of the enzyme ho 1 and ho 2 broadly differ in cell and tissue regulation and distribution. |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | ho 2 | 1.0 | apart from the identity between the active centers of the enzyme ho 1 and ho 2 broadly differ in cell and tissue regulation and distribution. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | heme oxygenase 1 | 1.0 | heme oxygenase 1 is induced by various stimuli including ros rns ischemia heat shock lps hemin and the neuroprotective agent neotrofin [ 41 44 46 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | furthermore in cultured human cells ho 1 expression can be repressed by hypoxia or by the treatment with interferon g or desferrioxamine [ 47 ]. |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | ho 2 | 1.0 | on the contrary ho 2 the constitutive form is responsive to developmental factors adrenal glucocorticoids [ 41 45 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | although ho 1 and ho 2 catalyze the same reaction they play different roles in protecting tissues against injuries. |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | ho 2 | 1.0 | although ho 1 and ho 2 catalyze the same reaction they play different roles in protecting tissues against injuries. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | the current hypothesis suggests that ho 1 induction is one of the earlier cellular responses to tissue damage and is responsible for the rapid transformation of the pro oxidant heme into carbon monoxide co and bilirubin br two molecules with |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | ho 2 | 1.0 | on the contrary ho 2 constitutively expressed is primarily involved in maintaining cell heme homeostasis [ 44 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | the induction of ho 1 is regulated principally by two upstream enhancers e1 and e2 [ 52 ]. |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | nf e2 | 1.0 | there is now evidence to suggest that heterodimers of nf e2 related factors 2 nrf2 and one or another of the small maf proteins i.e mafk maff and mafg are directly involved in induction of ho 1 gene through these mares [ 53 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | there is now evidence to suggest that heterodimers of nf e2 related factors 2 nrf2 and one or another of the small maf proteins i.e mafk maff and mafg are directly involved in induction of ho 1 gene through these mares [ 53 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | hence regulation of ho 1 gene expression by bach1 and heme occurs through antagonism between transcription activators and the repressor bach1. |
| 7782 | NFE2L2 | nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 | nf e2 | 1.0 | mal physiological conditions expression of ho 1 is repressed by bach1/maf complex while increased levels of heme displace bach1 from the enhancers and allow activators such as heterodimer of maf with nf e2 related activators nrf2 to interact with the transcriptional promotion of ho 1 [ 33 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | under normal physiological conditions expression of ho 1 is repressed by bach1/maf complex while increased levels of heme displace bach1 from the enhancers and allow activators such as heterodimer of maf with nf e2 related activators nrf2 to interact with |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | x while increased levels of heme displace bach1 from the enhancers and allow activators such as heterodimer of maf with nf e2 related activators nrf2 to interact with the transcriptional promotion of ho 1 [ 33 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | in the rat brain bvr is co expressed in cells that display ho 1 and/or ho 2 under normal conditions as well as in regions and cell types that have the potential to express heat shock inducible ho 1 protein [ 57 ]. |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | ho 2 | 1.0 | in the rat brain bvr is co expressed in cells that display ho 1 and/or ho 2 under normal conditions as well as in regions and cell types that have the potential to express heat shock inducible ho 1 protein [ 57 ]. |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | ho 2 | 1.0 | heme oxygenase 1 is ubiquitary and particularly abundant in reticuloendothelial organs such as liver and spleen whereas ho 2 is localized in specific organs such as brain kidney and testis [ 44 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | heme oxygenase 1 | 1.0 | heme oxygenase 1 is ubiquitary and particularly abundant in reticuloendothelial organs such as liver and spleen whereas ho 2 is localized in specific organs such as brain kidney and testis [ 44 ]. |
| 5014 | HMOX2 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 2 | ho 2 | 1.0 | the cns is endowed with very high ho activity under basal conditions mostly accounted for by ho 2 the latter being expressed in neuronal populations in forebrain hippocampus hypothalamus midbrain basal ganglia thalamus cerebellum and brainstem. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | this finding indicates that the activation of ho 1 and the following formation of co can be induced by many noxious stimuli within the nuclei that are primarily involved in the central regulation of the stress response. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | heme oxygenase 1 | 1.0 | heme oxygenase 1 is also found within cells of glial lineage where its gene expression can be induced by oxidative stress [ 58 ]. |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | thioredoxin | 1.0 | the thioredoxin system the thioredoxin trx system trx and trx reductase has received a considerable attention in the last years as a stress responsive gene [ 60 ] fig 1 a . |
| 10451 | RRM1 | ribonucleotide reductase M1 | ribonucleotide reductase | 1.0 | originally identified in escherichia coli in 1964 as a hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase required for dna synthesis trx plays an essential role in cell function by limiting oxidative stress directly via antioxidant effects and indirectly by protein protein interactions [ 61 ]. |
| 14133 | SEPX1 | selenoprotein X, 1 | methionine sulfoxide reductase | 1.0 | in fact trx and gsh systems are involved in a variety of redox dependent pathways such as supplying reducing equivalents for ribonucleotide reductase the first step in dna biosynthesis and peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase an enzyme involved in antioxidant defenses and regulation of the cellular redox state [ 60 ]. |
| 10451 | RRM1 | ribonucleotide reductase M1 | ribonucleotide reductase | 1.0 | in fact trx and gsh systems are involved in a variety of redox dependent pathways such as supplying reducing equivalents for ribonucleotide reductase the first step in dna biosynthesis and peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase an enzyme involved in antioxidant defenses and regulation of the cellular redox state [ 60 ]. |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | thioredoxin | 1.0 | thioredoxin itself is kept in a reduced form by trxr and nadph collectively known as the trx system. |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | thioredoxin | 1.0 | trx 1 and trxr the most extensively studied eukaryotic thioredoxin proteins were first localized immunohistochemically in the rat sciatic nerve. |
| 11742 | TFAP2A | transcription factor AP-2 alpha (activating enhancer binding protein 2 alpha) | ap 2 | 1.0 | ene contains a series of stress responsive elements various transcription factor binding sites such as sp1 gcf and wt zfp conferring constitutive expression inducible expression elements such as ap 1 ap 2 nf kb oct 1 pea 3 myb and the antioxidant responsive element are [ 71 ]. |
| 3796 | FOS | v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog | ap 1 | 1.0 | trx gene contains a series of stress responsive elements various transcription factor binding sites such as sp1 gcf and wt zfp conferring constitutive expression inducible expression elements such as ap 1 ap 2 nf kb oct 1 pea 3 myb and the antioxidant responsive element are [ 71 ]. |
| 3796 | FOS | v-fos FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homolog | ap 1 | 1.0 | in has been reported to cause the translocation of trx from the cytoplasm to the nucleus where it regulates the redox activation and dna binding activity of critical transcription factors such as the ap 1 family members nf kb jun fos p53 creb pebp2/cbf myb all involved in fundamental processes such as gene expression cell growth and apoptosis [ 72 ]. |
| 727 | ARTN | artemin | neurotrophic factor | 1.0 | ngf a neurotrophic factor regulating development maintenance and function of the cns has been shown to activate trx 1 expression via cyclic amp camp response elements cres present in the trx 1 gene promoter and also to induce |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | that beyond its ability to regulate the function of proteins through thiol disulfide exchange reactions trx may also have beneficial effects during oxidative stress by transcriptionally upregulating ho 1 with important cytoprotective pleiotropic effects deriving from heme degradation biliverdin and bilirubin formation as well as carbon monoxide generation [ 76 ]. |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | thioredoxin | 1.0 | the prxs also called thioredoxin peroxidases are a relatively newly discovered family of antioxidant enzymes most of which use the reducing activity of trx or other electron donors to catalyze the reduction of peroxides including h |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | onal changes of the protein and ubiquitination clearing misfolded proteins to the proteasome and segregation of tau aggregates from the cellular machinery and recruitment of chaperone pairs including hsp70 and hsp27 endowed with anti apoptotic properties [ 85 ]. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | binding of phosphorylated tau to hsp70 implies that the complex may be a substrate for the e3 ligase carboxyl terminus of heat shock cognate hsc 70 interacting protein chip [ 86 88 ]. |
| 10417 | RPS27A | ribosomal protein S27a | ubiquitin | 1.0 | chip_amp_#8217;s is a ubiquitin e3 ligase that can collaborate with molecular chaperones to facilitate protein folding and prevent protein aggregation. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | together with hsp70 chip can regulate tau ubiquitination and degradation in a cell culture system [ 87 ]. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | increased levels of chip and hsp70 has ben detected in ad compared with normal controls [ 86 ]. |
| 5232 | HSPA1A | heat shock 70kDa protein 1A | hsp70 | 1.0 | mass spectrometry analysis of proteins that specifically coimmunoprecipitate with ab has identified chaperone proteins such as hsp70 and alpha b crystallin related small hsp hsp16 . |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | recently the involvement of ho 1 in the antidegenerative mechanisms operating in ad has received considerable attention as it has been demonstrated that the amyloid precursor protein app decreases ho activity thus reducing the intra |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | ho 1 induction which occurs together with the induction of other stress proteins during various physiopathological conditions represents a strong protective system potentially active against brain oxidati |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | significant increases in the levels of ho 1 have been observed in ad brains in association with neurofibrillary tangles and also ho 1 mrna was found increased in ad neocortex and cerebral vessels [ 92 93 ]. |
| 4235 | GFAP | glial fibrillary acidic protein | glial fibrillary acidic protein | 1.0 | ho 1 increase was not only in association with neurofibrillary tangles but also co localized with senile plaques and glial fibrillary acidic protein positive astrocytes in ad brains [ 94 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | ho 1 increase was not only in association with neurofibrillary tangles but also co localized with senile plaques and glial fibrillary acidic protein positive astrocytes in ad brains [ 94 ]. |
| 6893 | MAPT | microtubule-associated protein tau | tau protein | 1.0 | in addition takeda et al. explored the relationship between ho 1 and tau protein this latter being the major component of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles in ad [ 93 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | in addition takeda et al. explored the relationship between ho 1 and tau protein this latter being the major component of intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles in ad [ 93 ]. |
| 6893 | MAPT | microtubule-associated protein tau | tau protein | 1.0 | in transfected neuroblastoma cells overexpressing ho 1 the activity of this enzyme was increased and conversely the level of tau protein was significantly decreased when compared with antisense ho 1 or vector transfected cells [ 93 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | in transfected neuroblastoma cells overexpressing ho 1 the activity of this enzyme was increased and conversely the level of tau protein was significantly decreased when compared with antisense ho 1 or vector transfected cells [ 93 ]. |
| 6893 | MAPT | microtubule-associated protein tau | tau protein | 1.0 | the suppression of tau protein expression was almost completely counteracted by zinc deuteroporphyrin a specific inhibitor of ho activity [ 93 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | the activated forms of erks extracellular signal regulated kinases were also decreased in cells overexpressing ho 1 although no changes in the expression of total erks were observed [ 93 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | consistently recent data from our laboratory has provided clear evidence in the inferior parietal brain of ad patients of a significant increase in the expression of ho 1 and trxr whereas this latter was not increased in the cerebellum of ad brains compared to controls [ 96 ]. |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | nitric oxide synthase | 1.0 | in addition ad lymphocytes showed an increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase ho 1 hsp72 hsp60 and trxr [ 96 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | in addition ad lymphocytes showed an increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase ho 1 hsp72 hsp60 and trxr [ 96 ]. |
| 12435 | TXN | thioredoxin | thioredoxin | 1.0 | these observations strongly support a role for nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of ad and indicate that the stress responsive genes such as heme oxygenase and thioredoxin reductase may represent important targets for novel cytoprotective strategies [ 96 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | the protective role played by ho 1 in ad in fact raises new possibilities regarding the use of natural substances which are able to increase ho 1 levels as potential drugs for the treatment of ad. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | in addition curcumin has been shown to significantly increase ho 1 in astrocytes and vascular endothelial cells [ 100 101 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | this latter effect on ho 1 can explain at least in part the strong antioxidant properties of curcumin in particular keeping in mind that ho 1 derived br has the ability to efficiently scavenge both ros and rns [ 8 11 13 99 ]. |
| 841 | ATP5G1 | ATP synthase, H+ transporting, mitochondrial F0 complex, subunit C1 (subunit 9) | atp synthase lipid binding protein | 1.0 | bundant ones it has reported that lac modulates specific genes in the rat cns such as the hsp72 gene the gene for the isoform of 14 3 3 protein and that encoding for the precursor mitochondrial p3 of atp synthase lipid binding protein [ 107 ]. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | heme oxygenase 1 | 1.0 | these results have shown for the first time that acetylcarnitine induces heme oxygenase 1 and hsp60 heat shock proteins with a mechanism involving activation and nuclear translocation of the transcription factor nrf2 [ 27 ]. |
| 11180 | SOD2 | superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial | mn sod | 1.0 | e alone in unstressed conditions by promoting acetylation of dna binding proteins may modulate are mediated expression of stress inducible genes [ 107 124 ] such as ho 1 g glutamylcysteine synthetase mn sod and glutathione s transferase. |
| 25806 | GSTCD | glutathione S-transferase, C-terminal domain containing | glutathione s transferase | 1.0 | unstressed conditions by promoting acetylation of dna binding proteins may modulate are mediated expression of stress inducible genes [ 107 124 ] such as ho 1 g glutamylcysteine synthetase mn sod and glutathione s transferase. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | is conceivable that acetylcarnitine alone in unstressed conditions by promoting acetylation of dna binding proteins may modulate are mediated expression of stress inducible genes [ 107 124 ] such as ho 1 g glutamylcysteine synthetase mn sod and glutathione s transferase. |
| 5013 | HMOX1 | heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 | ho 1 | 1.0 | the evidence that phenolic compounds such as curcumin and ferulic acid can induce ho 1 and trxr and thus reduce ad strongly indicates the therapeutic potential of nutritional compounds against nd. |