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| 15649489 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | the therapeutic effect of pioglitazone a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-_amp_#x3b3;) PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist in the G93A SOD1 transgenic mouse model of ALS | |  |
| 15649489 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Previous studies showed that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists protect cerebellar granule cells from cytokine-induced apoptotic cell death | | |
| 15649489 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | We therefore examined whether an agonist of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 an anti-inflammatory protein could delay or slow the disease process | | |
| 15649489 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | It was suggested that these effects were due to PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 activation an increase in inhibitory protein-_amp_#x3ba -_amp_#x3b2 expression and inhibition | | |
| 15649489 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 was originally characterized as a regulator of adipocyte differentiation and | | |
| 15649489 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 was also shown to have a possible role in cell | | |
| 15649489 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | These authors showed anti-inflammatory effect of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 15d-PGJ 2 in a rat model of carrageenin-induced pleural inflammation | | |
| 15649489 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Our data suggest that the neuroprotective effect of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 may stem from its role in inflammation however other roles | | |
| 15649489 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | stem from its role in inflammation however other roles of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 may have contributed | | |
| 15649489 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | of pioglitazone is not known obviously those cells that express PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 _amp_#xa0 would be targeted | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | commonly prescribed for the treatment of type II diabetes are PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 ligands | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Naturally occurring PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 ligands include eicosanoids polyunsaturated fatty acids and the cyclopentenone prostaglandin | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | NSAID including indomethacin which are used to treat inflammation are PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 ligands | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Critical early studies in this field demonstrated that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists are capable of suppressing immune activation of monocyte/macrophages monocyte | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists are believed to suppress immune responses principally through transrepression | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | The PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist 15d-PGJ 2 can regulate gene expression through receptor-independent mechanisms | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | The PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist 15d-PGJ 2 was demonstrated to inhibit NO IL-1_amp_#x3b2 and | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | The PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist troglitazone did not suppress the expression of these pro-inflammatory | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | by BV-2 cells suggesting that 15d-PGJ 2 may act through PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 -independent mechanisms ( Petrova et al. 1999 | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | However since the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist ciglitazone suppressed the production of these pro-inflammatory molecules in | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | similar manner 15d-PGJ 2 was interpreted to act through a PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 dependent mechanism | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | In these studies HCT1026 activated the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 receptor in microglia and the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 antagonist GW9662 blocked receptor | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | studies HCT1026 activated the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 receptor in microglia and the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 antagonist GW9662 blocked receptor activation ( Bernardo et al. 2005 | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | The basis for the discrepancy between these studies concerning whether PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists influence microglial cell function through PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 -dependent or -independent | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | studies concerning whether PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists influence microglial cell function through PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 -dependent or -independent mechanisms may be explained by the fact | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | conducted with BV-2 microglial cells which express little or no PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | molecules in spite of the fact that this agonist binds PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 with lower affinity than thiazolidinediones | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | RA may inhibit cell activation through the formation of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3;/RXR PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 RXR heterodimers | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | The expression of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 increases in microglia and astrocytes during EAE supporting a role | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | is a cyclopentenone prostaglandin but is not believed to bind PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 is a potent inhibitor of the activation of primary mouse | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | suggest that 15d-PGJ 2 likely inhibits glial cell activation by PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 -dependent as well as PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 -independent mechanisms | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | inhibits glial cell activation by PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 -dependent as well as PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 -independent mechanisms | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists are capable of inhibiting inflammatory responses in glia through | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | (2004) 2004 demonstrated that the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist 15d-PGJ 2 inhibited LPS induction of NO TNF-_amp_#x3b1 IL-1_amp_#x3b2 | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Over expression of wild-type and dominant-negative constructs of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 or the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 antagonist GW9662 did not alter NO and | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | expression of wild-type and dominant-negative constructs of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 or the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 antagonist GW9662 did not alter NO and iNOS expression in | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | (2003) 2003 demonstrated that the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists 15d-PGJ 2 and rosiglitazone inhibit the phosphorylation of STAT1 | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist suppression of glial activation can have profound effects on | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | These studies further demonstrated that a variety of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists including TZDs 15d-PGJ 2 and NSAIDS blocked _amp_#x3b2 -amyloid | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | For example these PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists blocked TNF-_amp_#x3b1 and IL-6 expression by monocytes | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Collectively this study demonstrated that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists suppress the production by monocyte/microglial monocyte microglial cells of | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | by studies utilizing rat cortical neuron-glial co-cultures that indicated that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists including TZDs and 15d-PGJ 2 suppressed LPS induction of | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | A PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 antagonist blocked TZD protection of cortical neurons in these studies | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Interestingly PPARs including PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 can be expressed by neurons ( Cimini et al. 2005 | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | are required to more definitively determine the mechanisms by which PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists modulate inflammatory responses in the CNS | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | or receptor-independent mechanisms are complicated by the paucity of specific PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists and the fact that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 -deficient mice die soon | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | the paucity of specific PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists and the fact that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 -deficient mice die soon after birth | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | In addition PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists have been demonstrated in some studies to function through | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | The development of highly selective PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 antagonists and conditional PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 deficient mouse strains will be essential | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | The development of highly selective PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 antagonists and conditional PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 deficient mouse strains will be essential in determining the mechanisms | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | strains will be essential in determining the mechanisms by which PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists control CNS inflammation | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | This suggests that like PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 and PPAR-_amp_#x3b1 agonists PPAR-_amp_#x3b2;/_amp_#x3b4; PPAR-_amp_#x3b2 _amp_#x3b4 agonists may suppress chronic | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | (2001) 2001 first demonstrated that the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist troglitazone inhibited the development of EAE | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | (2002) 2002 showed that the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist 15d-PGJ 2 inhibited T cell proliferation | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Natarajan and Bright (2002) 2002 demonstrated that the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists 15d-PGJ 2 and ciglitazone decreased the severity of both | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | (2003) 2003 also demonstrated that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 deficient heterozygous mice exhibit more severe EAE than wild-type mice | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | These studies cannot be performed in PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 homozygous knockout mice which die en utero suggesting that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 homozygous knockout mice which die en utero suggesting that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 plays a critical role in development which cannot be compensated | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Future studies utilizing inducible promoters to knock out PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 in adult mice are needed to confirm the role of | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | (2005) 2005 demonstrated that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 antagonists exacerbate EAE | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Collectively these studies suggest that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 plays an important role in modulating the development of EAE | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Interestingly this suggests that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 and RXR ligands could act cooperatively in the treatment of | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | of MS A small clinical study supports the idea that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists may be effective in the treatment of MS ( | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | clinical trials are needed to assess the therapeutic potential of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists for the treatment of MS | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | the development of EAE and MS We demonstrated that the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist 15d-PGJ 2 selectively inhibits microglial expression of CD40 but | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | This suggests that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists may modulate EAE in part by affecting microglia-T cell | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | The studies outlined above suggest that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists may inhibit EAE at least in part by blocking | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | an important role in initiating EAE and MS In fact PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists likely modulate the development of these disorders by a | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | For example PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists were demonstrated to improve clinical outcomes in animal models | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | (2000) 2000 demonstrated that Tg2576 mice fed the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist ibuprofen for 6 months beginning at an age of | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | The role of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists in modulating the development of AD was further supported | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Collectively these studies suggest that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists may be effective in the treatment of AD | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | dramatically inhibited glial activation in these studies suggesting that this PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist may protect tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons by controlling glial | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | Recent reports demonstrate that the PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist pioglitazone protected motor neurons improved motor performance and extended | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | The PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists troglitazone and pioglitazone reduced infarct volume and improved neurological | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | infarct volume was reduced and neurological function was improved by PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonist treatment when measured 22 days after the ischemic event | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | This suggests that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists may be therapeutic in humans following stroke | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | This suggests that PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists may modulate events that occur following reperfusion | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists reduced CNS inflammation including macrophage/microglial macrophage microglial activation following | | |
| 16753239 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 1.9 | PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 agonists of the thiazolidinedione class are currently prescribed for the | | |
| 18312546 | PPARG | PPARgamma | 1.2 | Effects of the PPARgamma activator pioglitazone on p38 MAP kinase and IkappaBalpha in the | | |
| 18312546 | PPARG | PPARgamma | 1.2 | molecular pathological effects of the anti-inflammatory peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone in ALS we verified changes in the population | | |
| 18312546 | PPARG | PPARgamma | 1.2 | littermates (control control mice performed immunohistochemical and immunoblot analyses of PPARgamma active form of phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38) p-p38 | | |
| 18312546 | PPARG | PPARgamma | 1.2 | Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that immunoreactivities for PPARgamma and p-p38 were mainly localized in neurons and that IkappaBalpha | | |
| 18312546 | PPARG | PPARgamma-immunoreactive | 1.2 | that pioglitazone treatment resulted in no significant change in nuclear PPARgamma-immunoreactive density a significant decrease in cytosolic p-p38-immunoreactive density and a | | |
| 18312546 | PPARG | PPARgamma-independent | 1.2 | against p38-mediated neuronal death and NF-kappaB-mediated glial inflammation via a PPARgamma-independent mechanism | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | is described that can be activated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-_amp_#x003b3 PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists and has the ability to block the neuropathological damage | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Therefore PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists are thought to be neuroprotective in ALS and HD | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | have tested the neuroprotective effect of pioglitazone (Actos), Actos a PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist in G93A SOD1 transgenic mouse model of ALS and | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | These findings suggest that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 may be an important regulator of neuroinflammation and possibly a | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The involvement of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in HD is currently under investigation one study finds that | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 coactivator-1 _amp_#x003b1 (PGC-1 PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 is a transcriptional coactivator that | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | that works together with combination of other transcription factors like PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Therefore PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is a possible target for ALS and HD as it | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In this review the role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in ALS and HD is discussed based on the current | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | that belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily which includes PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b2 / _amp_#x003b4 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is the most studied receptor and has two isoforms produced | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | isoforms produced due to alternative splicing and alternate translation initiation PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 1 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 2 1 2 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | to alternative splicing and alternate translation initiation PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 1 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 2 1 2 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | and _amp_#x003b4 appear primarily to stimulate oxidative lipid metabolism while PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is principally involved in the cellular assimilation of lipids via | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Recently other functions for PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 are described such as neuroprotection in ischemia 15 and its | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 has been demonstrated to be involved in adipogenesis and differentiation | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is shown to have a vital role in adipocyte differentiation | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Recent studies demonstrate PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists to prevent inflammation and neuronal death after focal cerebral | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) TZDs are potent synthetic agonists of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 shown to induce neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia by blocking inflammation | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | protective lipid-independent effects of TZDs are the anti-inflammatory capacities of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 4 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) STAT transcription factors by PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 31 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | It is possible that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is involved in the reciprocal inhibition of differential transcription systems | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | an alternative mechanism suggested that a functionally distinct pool of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is susceptible to ligand-dependent sumoylation (covalent covalent attachment of small | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | of neuronal cell death in ALS and a representation of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 activation | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 AND AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPARs in particular PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 may be a major signaling pathway involved in neuroinflammation in | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The activation or inactivation of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 could provide a viable and promising approach to understand the | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 has been identified as a key regulatory factor in the | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Synthetic PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists developed in the past 25 years that are used | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | suitable candidates and are indispensable to study the role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in ALS which may potentially lead to beneficial effects in | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Previous studies have shown the protective effect of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists in many experimental models such as in experimental autoimmune | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Additionally PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists are reported to be neuroprotective in tyrosine hydroxylase positive | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In this study PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist treatment improved survival muscle strength and weight loss in | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Other studies using PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists suggest that the mechanism of actions are also by | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Recently Xu and Drew demonstrated that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists suppress cytokines like IL-12 family in EAE an experimental | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | These studies provide evidence that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist responses are originating from activated glial cells in central | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | showed reduction in gliosis which is another experimental evidence that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 acts on glial cells in CNS 38 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The action of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in neuronal cells needs to be studied | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The preliminary reports on the neuroprotective role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist in transgenic mouse model of ALS and other experimental | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The mechanisms of how PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists induce neuroprotection by blocking neuroinflammation is not fully understood | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | fully understood and further information on the molecular details of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in neuroinflammatory pathways will provide crucial insights on the role | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | neuroinflammatory pathways will provide crucial insights on the role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Since PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 is a PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 coactivator it is possible that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists may be able | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 is a PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 coactivator it is possible that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists may be able to activate PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 and also | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Whether mutant SOD1 can impair PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is yet to be determined | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Future studies on PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in ALS patients and transgenic mice will shed some lights | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 AND HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Recent reports show that mutant huntingtin interferes with transcriptional PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 coactivator-1 _amp_#x003b1 (PGC-1 PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 causing impairment on its function | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | and R.E Hughes that their yeast two-hybrid screen identified that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is a huntingtin interactor and the interaction was validated for | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | validated for its biological significance by demonstrating an effect of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 dosage upon HD neurodegeneration in the fly eye 27 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | must be explored in order to understand the role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and to identify new therapeutic targets for HD | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Rosiglitazone (a a PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist that induces sensitization to insulin was tested in R6/2 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | 2 mice it also provided data for the role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in R6/2 R6 2 mice | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Rosiglitazone was used as PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist in R6/2 R6 2 mice which could be used | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | be used as the bases to test the role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in HD glibenclamide and metformin were used to treat atypical | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Metformin does not belong to any class of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists although it is an antidiabetic for type-2 diabetes and | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | shown to activate sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) SIRT1 and results in PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 -mediated transcriptional repression inhibition of adipogenesis enhanced lipolysis and the | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Although PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist treatments in R6/2 R6 2 failed it is premature | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | in other models of HD are required to examine other PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Moreover the effect of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists on the expression and activation of PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 in | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | oxidation and adaptive thermoregulation then it can be predicted that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists could help HD mice to maintain thermoregulatory function when | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in ALS AD and Parkinson's disease are backed with evidence | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | with evidence 19 20 38 39 while the role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in HD lacks critical evidence and needs to be studied | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | HD and potential neuroprotective role of PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 in HD PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 desperately seeking further attention and these types of studies could | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | of studies could provide essential data on the role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in HD | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Studies in patients treated with PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists indicate that the reduction of insulin resistance is resulted | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | reduction of insulin resistance is resulted from the activation of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 78 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 's natural coactivator is PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | TZDs can mimic the effect of PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 on PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | reduces or become inactivated by acetylation then the activity of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 could be affected | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In this review we highlighted the role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in neurodegenerative diseases in particular in a mouse model of | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | two independent studies provides strong indication for the involvement of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in ALS | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Whether PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is involved in HD remains to be clarified as one | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | the treatment of R6/2 R6 2 mice with rosiglitazone another PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist had no beneficial effect | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In the future we will explore the mechanisms by which PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists produce neuroprotection in a mouse model of ALS and | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | neuroprotection in a mouse model of ALS and test whether PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 has a role in HD | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | be of great interest to determine whether the effect of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is powered by glial or neuronal cells or both in | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | also be of great interest to determine the effect of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist on muscles in ALS and HD mouse models | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | cell culture studies are necessary in determining the role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in ALS and HD | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | it would be very informative to test the effect of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists on HD mouse models for their effect in thermoregulation | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | However since PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist shown to activate PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 therefore there is an | | |
| 18464922 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | is an indirect possibility that PGC-1 _amp_#x003b1 in connection with PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 could play some role in ALS | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Abstract In the recent years the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-_amp_#x003b3 PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 a well known target for type II diabetes treatment has | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists which include naturally occurring compounds (such such as long | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The pleiotropic effects of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists are likely to be mediated by several mechanisms involving | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | will review the recent findings supporting a major role for PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists in controlling neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration through their activities on | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-_amp_#x003b3 PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 belongs to the hormone nuclear receptor super family | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | the regulation of genes involved in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and the other two isoforms PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 and _amp_#x003b4 deeply affect | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | accumulating evidence suggests that besides diabetes and metabolic syndrome 4 PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists have significant therapeutic potential in brain disorders | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | of experimental studies and few clinical observations have suggested that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 ligands may be successfully exploited to treat a wide range | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | well known model for autoimmune demyelinating diseases synthetic and natural PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 ligands_amp_#x02014 as well as some PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 or _amp_#x003b4 agonists_amp_#x02014 have | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | obtained in experimental models of ocular diseases have evidenced that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 could be targeted to control inflammation and treat invalidating diseases | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The beneficial effects of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists in degenerative inflammatory and traumatic brain pathologies are most | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Besides microglia PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists can act on other neural cell types including astrocytes | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Several of the beneficial effects of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 result from its ability once activated by specific ligand to | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In addition some PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 ligands may exert specific activities independently from PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | addition some PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 ligands may exert specific activities independently from PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Figure 1 Cellular targets of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists in neurodegenerative diseases | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists can control neuroinflammation neurodegeneration and demyelination by effecting several | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Figure 2 PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 expression in culture rat oligodendrocytes and in white matter (postnatal | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | rat OL progenitor cultures prepared as previously described 40 for PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 (more more ... | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 STRUCTURE FUNCTIONS AND AGONISTS | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and the two closely related PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b4 (also also | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and the two closely related PPAR-_amp_#x003b1 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b4 (also also known as _amp_#x003b2 NUC-1 or FAAR share a | Junguk Hur | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | fatty acids such as the liver muscle and heart whereas PPAR-_amp_#x003b4 shows a much wider distribution | Junguk Hur | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is highly expressed in adipose tissue and in cells of | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In the brain PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is expressed in several cell types including microglia astrocytes oligodendrocytes | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 protein shows a remarkable conservation across species | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Human and the murine PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 proteins show 95% identity at the amino acid level | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The human PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 gene is located on chromosome 3 and generates at least | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | on chromosome 3 and generates at least three mRNA transcripts PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 1 PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 2 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 3 30 _amp_#x02013 32 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | 3 and generates at least three mRNA transcripts PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 1 PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 2 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 3 30 _amp_#x02013 32 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | at least three mRNA transcripts PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 1 PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 2 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 3 30 _amp_#x02013 32 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 1 e PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 3 mRNAs encode for the same protein | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 1 e PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 3 mRNAs encode for the same protein while PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 2 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | e PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 3 mRNAs encode for the same protein while PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 2 mRNA gives rise to a protein containing 28 additional | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Some arachidonic acid metabolites are more effective PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 ligands than the precursor | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | _amp_#x003b2 -unsaturated ketone in the cyclopentenone ring was the first PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 endogenous ligand described in 1995 by two independent groups 33 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The implication of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in several important metabolic and degenerative disorders has strongly pushed | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | and degenerative disorders has strongly pushed the research of specific PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists and antagonist (for for review see 35 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | A major group of synthetic PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists is represented by the antidiabetic drugs TZDs originally identified | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | A different series of synthetic PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 ligands are derived by L-tyrosine GI262570 GW1929 and GW7845 which | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | were developed on the basis of their activity on human PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and are among the most potent PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists being active | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | activity on human PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and are among the most potent PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists being active at low nanomolar concentrations | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In most cases the doses required for PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist activity are in the high micromolar range thus largely | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | flurbiprofen HCT1026 and NXC 2216 were both able to activate PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and induce its specific binding to a PPRE sequence 36 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 AGONISTS AND OLIGODENDROCYTE BIOLOGY | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | myelination 43 44 recent findings support an important role for PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 activators in OL protection and differentiation | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The first evidence for a role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in OL differentiation was reported by Roth et al 45 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | all three PPAR isoforms and found that natural and synthetic PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists but not other isoform activators enhance process extension and | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | These effects were blocked by the PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 antagonist GW9662 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | These observations suggest that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 mediated mechanisms may be important for OL differentiation and peroxisome | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In line with the proposed role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in controlling OL differentiation and functions we have recently confirmed | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | differentiation and functions we have recently confirmed the expression of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in highly purified rat OL cultures ( Figure 2 (a)) | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In addition we found an increased expression of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 in white matter of young rats (post post natal day | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Whether PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 over-expression is part of an adaptive response to the hypoxic | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 AGONISTS AND OLIGODENDROCYTE BIOLOGY | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | the above findings Xiang et al 49 reported that the PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 natural ligand 15d-PGJ 2 but not other PGs induced apoptosis | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | cultures 50 cell death was independent of the nuclear receptor PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 AGONISTS AND ASTROCYTES | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Astrocytes express PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 53 54 and accumulating evidence over the last ten years | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | and accumulating evidence over the last ten years indicates that PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists modulate astrocyte functions | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | in time- and dose-dependent manners through a mechanism independent of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and involving cAMP/PKA cAMP PKA signaling 55 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Another important mechanism by which PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists could exert neuroprotection by influencing astrocyte functions is the | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Romera et al 56 reported that the PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 antagonists T0070907 prevented the ischemic preconditioning-induced (IPC) IPC neuroprotection in | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | gene suggesting GLT1/EAAT2 GLT1 EAAT2 glutamate transporter is a novel PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 target gene 56 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Such neurotoxic activities have been shown to be reduced by PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists in several experimental paradigms | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | in vivo effects were substantially attenuated by cotreatment with the PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 antagonist GW9662 supporting the involvement of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 activation | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | cotreatment with the PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 antagonist GW9662 supporting the involvement of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 activation | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Erk Jnk and p38 MAP kinase in astrocytes by a PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 independent mechanism which required the presence of ROS | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Again independently of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 15d-PGJ 2 and rosiglitazone reduced the phosphorylation of signal transducers | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | multiple sclerosis this observation further support the potential role of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists in MS treatment 5 64 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In line with the beneficial effect of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists in experimental models of inflammatory diseases PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 has also | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | effect of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists in experimental models of inflammatory diseases PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 has also been involved in anti-inflammatory functions of IL-4 a | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | by IL-4 in inflammatory cytokine-stimulated mixed cultures are mediated by PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 activation | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | authors describe a coordinate increase in the expression of both PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and its natural ligand-producing enzyme 12/15-lipoxygenase 12 15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) 12 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | 12 15-LOX in IL-4-treated glial cells and show that IL-4-induced PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 activation antagonizes NF-_amp_#x003ba B transactivation in inflammatory cytokine-stimulated astrocytes | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | A similar upregulation of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 by IL-4 was demonstrated in cultured microglial cells 66 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | To link between IL-4 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 is completed by the observation that the anti-inflammatory activity of | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | the release of proinflammatory mediators induced by Staphylococcus aureus in PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 -deficient astrocytes supporting PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 -independent effects of these compounds | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | mediators induced by Staphylococcus aureus in PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 -deficient astrocytes supporting PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 -independent effects of these compounds | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Interestingly OTA increased PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 expression possibly increasing the susceptibility of OTA-exposed cells to PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 expression possibly increasing the susceptibility of OTA-exposed cells to PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonist treatment 69 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 AGONISTS AND MICROGLIAL CELLS | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | In this view PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists have been extensively studied in the last decade for | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | provided by Petrova et al 74 who demonstrated that this PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 natural ligand attenuates iNOS expression and the subsequent NO accumulation | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | was suggested that 15d-PGJ 2 inhibits iNOS expression by a PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 independent mechanism | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | first time that primary microglial cells unlike BV-2 cells express PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 and that such basal expression is increased by its specific | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Microglial PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 was subsequently shown to be functionally active being able to | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | histocompatibility complex (MHC) MHC class II antigens by mechanisms involving PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 activation and reduced activation of STAT-1 and NF-_amp_#x003ba B which | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | 2 ciglitazone and troglitazone prevented LPS-induced neuronal death suggesting a PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 mediated mechanism of neuroprotection 79 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | NXC 2216 were able to prevent microglial activation by activating PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 36 37 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Interestingly NCX 2216 after an initial activation induced PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 nitration and inactivation | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | NCX 2216 could therefore lead after an initial activation of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 to a protracted suppression of its control over microglial activation | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The contribution of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 -dependent or independent mechanisms to the inhibition of microglial activation | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | 2 at concentrations several fold lower than those required for PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 activation effectively reduced the LPS-stimulated production of PGJ 2 by | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | At concentration 10 times higher than those required to activate PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 15d-PGJ 2 induced microglial cell impairment and death by apoptosis | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | the link between the proapoptotic effect of 15d-PGJ 2 and PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 activation is still controversial | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | and human and rat glioma cell lines appears mediated by PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 -dependent mechanisms 61 87 89 _amp_#x02013 91 | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | an increasing number of experimental studies supporting the use of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 ligands to treat major disabling brain diseases with a high | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | in animal models of AD due to the ability of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists to reduced inflammation and the amyloid burden by various | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Similarly the better neurological outcome reported after administration of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 ligands in experimental stroke models are consistent with the result | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | The clinical use of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists in MS and ASL remains poorly investigated | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Although PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 synthetic ligands such as TZDs and NSAIDs appear to be | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Among these the toxic effect associated with some PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 agonists and their blood-brain-barrier permeability which are at present still | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | A deep knowledge of the molecular mechanisms evoked by PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 ligands either dependent or independent of the receptor activation and | | |
| 18464925 | PPAR | PPAR-G | 2.2 | the specific cell type is mandatory for the development of PPAR-_amp_#x003b3 drugs with increasing efficacy and safety | | |
| 18513389 | PPARG | PPARG | 2.2 | five experiments consisted of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARG) PPARG pro12ala (chromosome chromosome 3p25 lipoprotein lipase (LPL) LPL asp9asn (chromosome | | |
| 15081582 | peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | 1.0 | another prostaglandin 15 deoxy_amp_#x394; 12 14 pgj 2 a natural peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ligand formed from pgd 2 induces apoptosis in both human astrocytes chattopadhyay et al. 2000 and cortical neurons rohn et al. 2001 . | | |
| 15649489 | peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | 1.0 | we investigated the therapeutic effect of pioglitazone a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ppar _amp_#x3b3; agonist in the g93a sod1 transgenic mouse model of als. | | |
| 15649489 | peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | 1.0 | in the present studies we tested the neuroprotective effects of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone. | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | because peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ppar gamma agonists act as potent anti inflammatory drugs we tested whether superoxide dismutase sod1 g93a transgenic mice a mouse model of als benefit from oral treatment with the ppar gamma agonist pioglitazo | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | agonists act as potent anti inflammatory drugs we tested whether superoxide dismutase sod1 g93a transgenic mice a mouse model of als benefit from oral treatment with the ppar gamma agonist pioglitazone pio . | | |
| 16120782 | peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | 1.0 | because peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ppar gamma agonists act as potent anti inflammatory drugs we tested whether superoxide dismutase sod1 g93a transgenic mice a mouse model of als benefit from oral treatment with the ppar gamma agonist | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ppar gamma ligands were developed as oral antidiabetic drugs after the discovery that ppar gamma activation increases insulin sensitivity and normalizes serum glucose levels berger and moller 2002 gamma activators of the thiazolidinedione tzd class of antidiabetic drugs. | | |
| 16120782 | peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | 1.0 | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ppar gamma ligands were developed as oral antidiabetic drugs after the discovery that ppar gamma activation increases insulin sensitivity and normalizes serum glucose levels berger and moller 2002 ga | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | beyond their insulin sensitizing and other metabolic actions ppar gamma ligands exert several other ppar gamma dependent and independent antineoplastic and anti inflammatory effects daynes and jones 2002 ; blanquart et al. 2003 ; grommes et al. 2004 . | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | in microglia and macrophages ppar gamma activation results in inhibition of proinflammatory gene expression through various mechanisms landreth and heneka 2001 gamma agonists reduce amyloid beta peptide and cytokine mediated neuroinflammat | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | given the beneficial effects observed in these studies we tested whether an oral treatment of sod1 transgenic mice with the ppar gamma agonist pioglitazone would reduce neuroinflammation protect from motor neuron loss and improve clinical als symptoms. | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | ppar gamma ligands suppress microglial activation thereby protecting neurons from inflammation mediated cell death heneka et al. 1999 ~50%. | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | ppar gamma and neuroinflammation | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | originally developed as oral antidiabetics agonists of ppar gamma have been found to exert potent anti inflammatory effects in several models of neuroinflammation landreth and heneka 2001 gamma mediated reduction of inflammation was neuroprotective we hypothesized | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | s of neuroinflammation landreth and heneka 2001 gamma mediated reduction of inflammation was neuroprotective we hypothesized that sod1 g93a transgenic mice would benefit from chronic treatment with a ppar gamma agonist within the thiazolidinedione class of ppar gamma agonists pio is the only substance that penetrates the blood brain barrier to a significant extent maeshiba et al. 1997 and has therefore been | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | agonist within the thiazolidinedione class of ppar gamma agonists pio is the only substance that penetrates the blood brain barrier to a significant extent maeshiba et al. 1997 and has therefore been chosen for treatment experiments. | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | ppar gamma and microglial activation | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | ppar gamma mediated inhibition of inflammatory mediators | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | ppar gamma mediated activation of anti inflammatory genes | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | several ppar gamma dependent and independent anti inflammatory actions of the tzd class of drugs have been described and suppression of inflammation may be achieved not at a single but at multiple levels including dire | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | the principal clinical usage of ppar gamma agonists is for treatment of type ii diabetes. | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | it has been shown recently that ppar gamma agonist treatment leads to an upregulation of cu/zn sod1 expression in a rat model of ischemia shimazu et al. 2005 suggesting that enhanced sod1 levels may be protective by reducing oxidative stress. | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | sing an early anti inflammatory treatment strategy initiated well before the first onset of clinical symptoms does not allow us to conclude that patients suffering from sporadic als will benefit from ppar gamma agonist treatment if initiated after clinical onset of disease. | | |
| 16120782 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | however it seems possible that in the case of familiar als family members with an inherited als risk which can be diagnosed before the appearance of clinical symptoms may benefit from prophylactic ppar gamma agonist medication. | | |
| 16766086 | peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | 1.0 | the type ii nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ppar_amp_#x3b3; has proven to be an attractive target for treatment of cns disease as agonists of this receptor have been shown to be effective in ameliorating disease related symptomology and pathol | | |
| 17805244 | ppar gamma | ppar gamma | 1.0 | ppar gamma|pharmaceutical preparations| | | |
| 18312546 | peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | 1.0 | to assess molecular pathological effects of the anti inflammatory peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma ppargamma agonist pioglitazone in als we verified changes in the population of neurons astrocytes and microglia in the ventral horns of spinal cord lumbar segments from the pioglitazone treated and n | | |
| 18513389 | peroxisome proliferator activated-receptor gamma | peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma | 1.0 | genetic variants independently selected by four twist procedures the number of genetic variants selected four times over five experiments consisted of: peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma pparg pro12ala chromosome 3p25 lipoprotein lipase lpl asp9asn chromosome 8p22 paraoxonase 1 pon1 met55leu and paraoxonase 2 pon2 ser311cys chromosome 7q21.3 tumor necrosis factor beta tnf beta thr26 | | |