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17532345 ( ) |
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| Title | Regulation of LPS stimulated ROS production in peritoneal macrophages from alloxan-induced diabetic rats: involvement of high glucose and PPARgamma. |
| Abstract | An increased occurrence of long term bacterial infections is common in diabetic patients. Bacterial cell wall components are described as the main antigenic agents from these microorganisms and high blood glucose levels are suggested to be involved in altered immune response. Hyperglycemia is reported to alter macrophages response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peroxisome proliferators activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) expression. Additionally, glucose is the main metabolic fuel for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) production by pentose phosphate shunt. In this work, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrite production were evaluated in peritoneal macrophages from alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Cytosolic dehydrogenases and PPARgamma expression were also investigated. LPS was ineffective to stimulate ROS and nitrite production in peritoneal macrophages from diabetic rats, which presented increased glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activity. In RAW 264.7 macrophages, acute high glucose treatment abolished LPS stimulated ROS production, with no effect on nitrite and dehydrogenase activities. Peritoneal macrophages from alloxan-treated rats presented reduced PPARgamma expression. Treating RAW 264.7 macrophages with a PPARgamma antagonist resulted in defective ROS production in response to LPS, however, stimulated nitrite production was unaltered. In conclusion, in the present study we have reported reduced nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species production in LPS-treated peritoneal macrophages from alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The reduced production of reactive oxygen species seems to be dependent on elevated glucose levels and reduced PPARgamma expression. lzfsouza@yahoo.com.br |
NOTE: Color highlight is limited to the abstract and SciMiner text-mining mode. If you see much more identified targets below from "Targets by SciMiner Summary" and "Targets by SciMiner Full list", they may have been identified from the full text.
Targets by SciMiner Summary
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Target Name | #Occur | ActualStr |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | 17 | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd | G6PD | |
| 6971 | MDH2 | malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial) | 8 | MDH | |
| 9236 | PPARG | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | 6 | PPAR-G | |
| 5382 | IDH1 | isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble | 6 | IDH | |
| 6983 | ME1 | malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic | 4 | malate dehydrogenase | |
| 5962 | IL10 | interleukin 10 | 4 | IL-10 | il 10 | |
| 6081 | INS | insulin | 4 | insulin | |
| 2577 | CYBA | cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide | 4 | p22 phox | |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | 3 | iNOS | nitric oxide synthase | |
| 5991 | IL1A | interleukin 1, alpha | 3 | interleukin 1 | |
| 5385 | IDH3B | isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) beta | 3 | isocitrate dehydrogenase | |
| 7661 | NCF2 | neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (65kDa, chronic granulomatous disease, autosomal 2) | 2 | p67 phox | |
| 2578 | CYBB | cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide (chronic granulomatous disease) | 2 | gp91 phox | |
| 9232 | PPARA | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | 2 | PPARs | |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | 2 | tumor necrosis factor | TNF-A | |
| 14874 | NOX5 | NADPH oxidase, EF-hand calcium binding domain 5 | 2 | nadph oxidase | |
| 5969 | IL12A | interleukin 12A (natural killer cell stimulatory factor 1, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 1, p35) | 1 | interleukin 12 | |
| 4623 | GSR | glutathione reductase | 1 | glutathione reductase | |
| 6025 | IL8 | interleukin 8 | 1 | interleukin 8 | |
| 9801 | RAC1 | ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1) | 1 | Rac1 | |
| 7662 | NCF4 | neutrophil cytosolic factor 4, 40kDa | 1 | p40 | |
| 7660 | NCF1 | neutrophil cytosolic factor 1, (chronic granulomatous disease, autosomal 1) | 1 | p47 | |
Targets by SciMiner Full list
| HUGO ID | Symbol | Name | ActualStr | Score | FlankingText |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7660 | NCF1 | neutrophil cytosolic factor 1, (chronic granulomatous disease, autosomal 1) | p47 | 0.3 | phox and p22 phox in the plasma membrane and subunits p47 phox /p67 p67 phox /p40 p40 phox in the cytosol |
| 7662 | NCF4 | neutrophil cytosolic factor 4, 40kDa | p40 | 0.3 | plasma membrane and subunits p47 phox /p67 p67 phox /p40 p40 phox in the cytosol as a complex |
| 2577 | CYBA | cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide | p22 | 0.0 | are in different subcellular compartments with subunits gp91 phox and p22 phox in the plasma membrane and subunits p47 phox /p67 |
| 7661 | NCF2 | neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (65kDa, chronic granulomatous disease, autosomal 2) | p67 | 0.2 | phox in the plasma membrane and subunits p47 phox /p67 p67 phox /p40 p40 phox in the cytosol as a complex |
| 9801 | RAC1 | ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (rho family, small GTP binding protein Rac1) | Rac1 | 0.0 | as LPS the cytosolic components and the small GTPase Rac1/Rac2 Rac1 Rac2 translocate to the plasma membrane binding to gp91 phox |
| 2577 | CYBA | cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide | p22 | 0.0 | translocate to the plasma membrane binding to gp91 phox and p22 phox and initiating superoxide production by transferring one electron from |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | iNOS | 2.2 | In stimulated macrophages inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) iNOS accounts for increased nitric oxide production which is NADPH dependent |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | G6PD | 1.6 | sustained by NADP dependent cytosolic dehydrogenases named glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), G6PD isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) IDH and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) MDH |
| 5382 | IDH1 | isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble | IDH | 0.9 | cytosolic dehydrogenases named glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), G6PD isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) IDH and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) MDH |
| 6971 | MDH2 | malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial) | MDH | 0.9 | (G6PD), G6PD isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) IDH and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) MDH |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | G6PD | 1.6 | Impaired NADPH production by reduced G6PD activity is associated with augmented IL-10 production and redox dependent |
| 5962 | IL10 | interleukin 10 | IL-10 | 1.3 | NADPH production by reduced G6PD activity is associated with augmented IL-10 production and redox dependent signaling in mouse peritoneal macrophages ( |
| 9232 | PPARA | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | PPARs | 2.2 | Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) PPARs are ligand-activated nuclear hormone receptors that have pleiotropic immune modulating |
| 9232 | PPARA | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha | PPARs | 2.2 | ( Sartippour and Renier 2000 showed that PPARs expression are regulated in macrophages by increased glucose |
| 9236 | PPARG | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | PPAR-G | 2.2 | 2 _amp_#xd7 10 6 cells for cellular dehydrogenase activities and PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 expression at a density of 1 _amp_#xd7 10 6 cells/ml |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | G6PD | 1.6 | -Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD): G6PD Tris-HCl 50_amp_#xa0 mM MgCl 2 3_amp_#xa0 mM NADP 0.2_amp_#xa0 mM |
| 5382 | IDH1 | isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble | IDH | 0.9 | -Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH): IDH Tris-HCl 80_amp_#xa0 mM MgCl 2 2_amp_#xa0 mM NADP 2_amp_#xa0 mM |
| 6971 | MDH2 | malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial) | MDH | 0.9 | -Malate dehydrogenase (MDH): MDH Tris-HCl 50_amp_#xa0 mM MgCl 2 1_amp_#xa0 mM NADP 0.5_amp_#xa0 mM |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | G6PD | 1.6 | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), G6PD isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) IDH and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) MDH are |
| 5382 | IDH1 | isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble | IDH | 0.9 | Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), G6PD isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) IDH and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) MDH are essential for the maintenance |
| 6971 | MDH2 | malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial) | MDH | 0.9 | (G6PD), G6PD isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) IDH and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) MDH are essential for the maintenance of cellular NADPH levels |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | G6PD | 1.6 | In peritoneal macrophages from alloxan-treated animals G6PD and MDH activities were increased compared to the normal group |
| 6971 | MDH2 | malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial) | MDH | 0.9 | In peritoneal macrophages from alloxan-treated animals G6PD and MDH activities were increased compared to the normal group ( Table |
| 5382 | IDH1 | isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble | IDH | 0.9 | the normal group ( Table 2 however no alteration in IDH activity was observed (data data not shown |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | G6PD | 1.6 | G6PD IDH and MDH are essential for the maintenance of cellular |
| 5382 | IDH1 | isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble | IDH | 0.9 | G6PD IDH and MDH are essential for the maintenance of cellular NADPH |
| 6971 | MDH2 | malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial) | MDH | 0.9 | G6PD IDH and MDH are essential for the maintenance of cellular NADPH levels and |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | G6PD | 1.6 | cellular NADPH levels and an impaired NADPH production by reduced G6PD activity is associated with augmented IL-10 production in mouse peritoneal |
| 5962 | IL10 | interleukin 10 | IL-10 | 1.3 | NADPH production by reduced G6PD activity is associated with augmented IL-10 production in mouse peritoneal macrophages ( Wilmanski et al. 2005 |
| 5382 | IDH1 | isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (NADP+), soluble | IDH | 0.9 | IDH activity has been described to be involved in redox buffering |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | G6PD | 1.6 | In peritoneal macrophages from alloxan-treated rats increased G6PD and MDH activities were observed but no alteration of cytosolic |
| 6971 | MDH2 | malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial) | MDH | 0.9 | In peritoneal macrophages from alloxan-treated rats increased G6PD and MDH activities were observed but no alteration of cytosolic dehydrogenases was |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | G6PD | 1.6 | acute effects of glucose altered concentration are not involved in G6PD and MDH regulation |
| 6971 | MDH2 | malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial) | MDH | 0.9 | of glucose altered concentration are not involved in G6PD and MDH regulation |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | G6PD | 1.6 | Future investigation is necessary to address the role of altered G6PD and MDH activities on altered nitrite production observed in peritoneal |
| 6971 | MDH2 | malate dehydrogenase 2, NAD (mitochondrial) | MDH | 0.9 | is necessary to address the role of altered G6PD and MDH activities on altered nitrite production observed in peritoneal macrophages from |
| 9236 | PPARG | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | PPAR-G | 2.2 | development of diabetes could be involved in this downregulation of PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 expression |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | TNF-A | 1.2 | by alloxan treatment there is the increased plasmatic concentration of TNF-_amp_#x3b1 ( Ptak et al. 1998 |
| 9236 | PPARG | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Fig 3._amp_#xa0 PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 expression in peritoneal macrophages from normal and alloxan-treated rats |
| 9236 | PPARG | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Thirty days after peritoneal macrophages were isolated and PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 expression measured as described in Materials and methods |
| 9236 | PPARG | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | PPAR-G | 2.2 | Values are mean _amp_#xb1 SD of the ratio between PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 and _amp_#x3b2 -actin bands in arbitrary units ( n = |
| 9236 | PPARG | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma | PPAR-G | 2.2 | 264.7 macrophages were incubated or not for 2_amp_#xa0 h with PPAR-_amp_#x3b3 antagonist GW9662 (10_amp_#xa0;_amp_#x3bc;M) 10_amp_#xa0 _amp_#x3bc M |
| 6983 | ME1 | malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic | malate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | lps was ineffective to stimulate ros and nitrite production in peritoneal macrophages from diabetic rats which presented increased glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activity. |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | lps was ineffective to stimulate ros and nitrite production in peritoneal macrophages from diabetic rats which presented increased glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase activity. |
| 5991 | IL1A | interleukin 1, alpha | interleukin 1 | 1.0 | it was suggested that high blood glucose levels are involved in reduced bactericidal activity nielson and hindson 1989 and it has further been demonstrated that high glucose reduces interleukin 1 release from murine macrophages hill et al. 1998 . |
| 14874 | NOX5 | NADPH oxidase, EF-hand calcium binding domain 5 | nadph oxidase | 1.0 | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate nadph oxidase is expressed by phagocytes and is involved in superoxide production for antimicrobial activity. |
| 2577 | CYBA | cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide | p22 phox | 1.0 | in non stimulated cells nadph oxidase components are in different subcellular compartments with subunits gp91 phox and p22 phox in the plasma membrane and subunits p47 phox /p67 phox /p40 phox in the cytosol as a complex. |
| 7661 | NCF2 | neutrophil cytosolic factor 2 (65kDa, chronic granulomatous disease, autosomal 2) | p67 phox | 1.0 | in non stimulated cells nadph oxidase components are in different subcellular compartments with subunits gp91 phox and p22 phox in the plasma membrane and subunits p47 phox /p67 phox /p40 phox in the cytosol as a complex. |
| 2578 | CYBB | cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide (chronic granulomatous disease) | gp91 phox | 1.0 | in non stimulated cells nadph oxidase components are in different subcellular compartments with subunits gp91 phox and p22 phox in the plasma membrane and subunits p47 phox /p67 phox /p40 phox in the cytosol as a complex. |
| 14874 | NOX5 | NADPH oxidase, EF-hand calcium binding domain 5 | nadph oxidase | 1.0 | in non stimulated cells nadph oxidase components are in different subcellular compartments with subunits gp91 phox and p22 phox in the plasma membrane and subunits p47 phox /p67 phox /p40 phox in the cytosol as a complex. |
| 2577 | CYBA | cytochrome b-245, alpha polypeptide | p22 phox | 1.0 | upon phagocytosis or stimulation with soluble agents such as lps the cytosolic components and the small gtpase rac1/rac2 translocate to the plasma membrane binding to gp91 phox and p22 phox and initiating superoxide production by transferring one electron from nadph to oxygen [forman and torres 2001] and [decoursey and ligeti 2005] . |
| 2578 | CYBB | cytochrome b-245, beta polypeptide (chronic granulomatous disease) | gp91 phox | 1.0 | upon phagocytosis or stimulation with soluble agents such as lps the cytosolic components and the small gtpase rac1/rac2 translocate to the plasma membrane binding to gp91 phox and p22 phox and initiating superoxide production by transferring one electron from nadph to oxygen [forman and torres 2001] and [decoursey and ligeti 2005] . |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | nitric oxide synthase | 1.0 | nitric oxide is synthesized from l arginine by nitric oxide synthase using nadph as a cofactor. |
| 7873 | NOS2A | nitric oxide synthase 2A (inducible, hepatocytes) | nitric oxide synthase | 1.0 | in stimulated macrophages inducible nitric oxide synthase inos accounts for increased nitric oxide production which is nadph dependent forstermann and kleinert 1995 . |
| 6983 | ME1 | malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic | malate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | nadph is an essential cellular coenzyme and its level is sustained by nadp + dependent cytosolic dehydrogenases named glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd isocitrate dehydrogenase idh and malate dehydrogenase mdh . |
| 5385 | IDH3B | isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) beta | isocitrate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | nadph is an essential cellular coenzyme and its level is sustained by nadp + dependent cytosolic dehydrogenases named glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd isocitrate dehydrogenase idh and malate dehydrogenase mdh . |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | nadph is an essential cellular coenzyme and its level is sustained by nadp + dependent cytosolic dehydrogenases named glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd isocitrate dehydrogenase idh and malate dehydrogenase mdh . |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd | 1.0 | nadph is an essential cellular coenzyme and its level is sustained by nadp + dependent cytosolic dehydrogenases named glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd isocitrate dehydrogenase idh and malate dehydrogenase mdh . |
| 5962 | IL10 | interleukin 10 | il 10 | 1.0 | impaired nadph production by reduced g6pd activity is associated with augmented il 10 production and redox dependent signaling in mouse peritoneal macrophages wilmanski et al. 2005 . |
| 6081 | INS | insulin | insulin | 1.0 | alloxan monohydrate injection leads to the destruction of insulin secreting _amp_#x3b2; cells of the islets of langerhans while other cells _amp_#x3b1; _amp_#x3b3; _amp_#x3b4; are resistant. |
| 6081 | INS | insulin | insulin | 1.0 | the destruction of the insulin secreting _amp_#x3b2; cells was brought about by a redox cycle with the formation of superoxide radicals established by alloxan and the product of its reduction dialuric acid. |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd : tris hcl 50_amp_#xa0;mm mgcl 2 3_amp_#xa0;mm nadp + 0.2_amp_#xa0;mm glucose 6 phosphate 3.2_amp_#xa0;mm ph 7 8; |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd | 1.0 | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd : tris hcl 50_amp_#xa0;mm mgcl 2 3_amp_#xa0;mm nadp + 0.2_amp_#xa0;mm glucose 6 phosphate 3.2_amp_#xa0;mm ph 7 8; |
| 5385 | IDH3B | isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) beta | isocitrate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | isocitrate dehydrogenase idh : tris hcl 80_amp_#xa0;mm mgcl 2 2_amp_#xa0;mm nadp + 2_amp_#xa0;mm sodium isocitric acid 5_amp_#xa0;mm ph 7 4; |
| 6983 | ME1 | malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic | malate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | malate dehydrogenase mdh : tris hcl 50_amp_#xa0;mm mgcl 2 1_amp_#xa0;mm nadp + 0.5_amp_#xa0;mm sodium malic acid 0.6_amp_#xa0;mm ph 7 4. |
| 6081 | INS | insulin | insulin | 1.0 | alloxan monohydrate injection leads to the destruction of insulin secreting _amp_#x3b2; cells in the islets of langerhans while other cells _amp_#x3b1; _amp_#x3b3; _amp_#x3b4; are resistant. |
| 6983 | ME1 | malic enzyme 1, NADP(+)-dependent, cytosolic | malate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd isocitrate dehydrogenase idh and malate dehydrogenase mdh are essential for the maintenance of cellular nadph levels. |
| 5385 | IDH3B | isocitrate dehydrogenase 3 (NAD+) beta | isocitrate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd isocitrate dehydrogenase idh and malate dehydrogenase mdh are essential for the maintenance of cellular nadph levels. |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase | 1.0 | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd isocitrate dehydrogenase idh and malate dehydrogenase mdh are essential for the maintenance of cellular nadph levels. |
| 4057 | G6PD | glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd | 1.0 | glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase g6pd isocitrate dehydrogenase idh and malate dehydrogenase mdh are essential for the maintenance of cellular nadph levels. |
| 5969 | IL12A | interleukin 12A (natural killer cell stimulatory factor 1, cytotoxic lymphocyte maturation factor 1, p35) | interleukin 12 | 1.0 | increased glucose is described to be involved in some alterations of macrophages responses in diabetic animal models including interleukin 12 expression wen et al. 2006 and upregulation of cyclooxygenase ii leading to increased prostaglandin e 2 production lo 2005 . |
| 5991 | IL1A | interleukin 1, alpha | interleukin 1 | 1.0 | ros are involved in tumor necrosis factor _amp_#x3b1; haddad and land 2002 ; interleukin 8 ryan et al. 2004 and interleukin 1 _amp_#x3b2; hsu and wen 2002 production in lps stimulated macrophages. |
| 6025 | IL8 | interleukin 8 | interleukin 8 | 1.0 | ros are involved in tumor necrosis factor _amp_#x3b1; haddad and land 2002 ; interleukin 8 ryan et al. 2004 and interleukin 1 _amp_#x3b2; hsu and wen 2002 production in lps stimulated macrophages. |
| 11892 | TNF | tumor necrosis factor (TNF superfamily, member 2) | tumor necrosis factor | 1.0 | ros are involved in tumor necrosis factor _amp_#x3b1; haddad and land 2002 ; interleukin 8 ryan et al. 2004 and interleukin 1 _amp_#x3b2; hsu and wen 2002 production in lps stimulated macrophages. |
| 5991 | IL1A | interleukin 1, alpha | interleukin 1 | 1.0 | taking into account that increased glucose levels are described to reduce interleukin 1 release from lps treated macrophages hill et al. 1998 defective ros stimulation by lps could be involved in altered cytokine production from macrophages in hyperglycemia and diabetes. |
| 6081 | INS | insulin | insulin | 1.0 | it was suggested that defective insulin signaling leads to altered nitric oxide production in stimulated macrophages stevens et al. 1997 but how this could be involved in alloxan induced alterations remains to be addressed. |
| 5962 | IL10 | interleukin 10 | il 10 | 1.0 | g6pd idh and mdh are essential for the maintenance of cellular nadph levels and an impaired nadph production by reduced g6pd activity is associated with augmented il 10 production in mouse peritoneal macrophages wilmanski et al. 2005 . |
| 4623 | GSR | glutathione reductase | glutathione reductase | 1.0 | idh activity has been described to be involved in redox buffering maintaining nadph levels for antioxidant enzymes as glutathione reductase maeng et al. 2004 . |